Border Patrol: Actions Needed to Improve Checkpoint Oversight and Data
Fast Facts
U.S. Border Patrol's immigration checkpoints operate 25 to 100 miles inland from the borders. At checkpoints, agents screen vehicles to identify people in the U.S. unlawfully and they may enforce U.S. criminal laws, such as by seizing illegal drugs.
Agents are required to collect data on checkpoint activity, including how many smuggled people are apprehended and how many drug seizures were made using canines. However, we found that agents at checkpoints inconsistently documented this data, which makes oversight of these checkpoints difficult.
We recommended that Border Patrol take several actions to strengthen checkpoint oversight and data.
Border Patrol Checkpoint Canine Team Inspects a Vehicle
Highlights
What GAO Found
U.S. Border Patrol operates immigration checkpoints at more than 110 locations on U.S. highways and secondary roads, generally 25 to 100 miles inland from the southwest and northern borders. According to Border Patrol data, from fiscal years 2016 through 2020, Border Patrol apprehended about 35,700 potentially removable people in about 17,500 events at checkpoints. During the same period, Border Patrol seized drugs in about 17,970 events at checkpoints. GAO found that most drug seizure events involved only U.S. citizens (91 percent), of which 75 percent involved the seizure of marijuana and no other drugs.
Border Patrol Checkpoint Events by Type, Fiscal Years 2016 through 2020
GAO found that while Border Patrol data on apprehensions and drug seizures were generally reliable, certain other checkpoint activity data, including on apprehensions of smuggled people and canine assists with drug seizures, were unreliable. For example, although sector officials said canines were integral to checkpoint drug seizures, there was wide variation across sectors in how often agents documented canine assists with such events. Additionally, Border Patrol developed a tool to collect information about outcomes of secondary inspections at checkpoints. However, because the agency did not require agents to use the tool, only about half of checkpoints did so. Without reliable checkpoint data, Border Patrol does not have the information it needs to assess checkpoint effectiveness, ensure proper resource allocation, or explain checkpoint operations.
Border Patrol established the Checkpoint Program Management Office (CPMO) in 2013 to oversee checkpoint operations. However, Border Patrol has not demonstrated a sustained commitment to ensuring that CPMO carries out its checkpoint oversight activities or held CPMO accountable for implementing these activities. For example, CPMO was not reviewing checkpoint resources and technology—an activity assigned to it by Border Patrol. Further, Border Patrol has not established clear roles and responsibilities for CPMO, consistently and adequately staffed it, or ensured that newly assigned staff have the information they need to carry out CPMO activities. For example, documentation for new staff did not include details on tasks or the past activities of the office. By addressing these program management weaknesses, Border Patrol could ensure that CPMO is better positioned to fulfill its checkpoint oversight mission.
Why GAO Did This Study
Border Patrol has primary responsibility for securing the border between U.S. ports of entry. As part of its border enforcement strategy, Border Patrol operates immigration checkpoints where Border Patrol agents screen vehicles to identify people of foreign nationality who are potentially removable and they may enforce U.S. criminal law, such as seizing illegal drugs and interdicting human smugglers. GAO was asked to review Border Patrol's use of immigration checkpoints.
This report examines: (1) available data about Border Patrol checkpoint activity, (2) the extent Border Patrol collects reliable data about checkpoint activity, and (3) how Border Patrol oversees checkpoint operations, among other objectives. GAO analyzed Border Patrol documents and data on checkpoint activity for fiscal years 2016 through 2020 (the most recent available); interviewed officials from Border Patrol headquarters, sectors, and 13 selected checkpoints; and reviewed prior GAO work on Border Patrol checkpoints.
Recommendations
GAO is making seven recommendations, including that Border Patrol take several actions to strengthen checkpoint oversight and data. DHS concurred with each of the recommendations.
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should ensure that sectors and the Checkpoint Program Management Office (CPMO) are overseeing that checkpoint activity data are consistently and accurately recorded. This should include (but not be limited to) overseeing data on apprehensions of smuggled people, canine assists with drug seizures, seizures of trace amounts of marijuana, non-drug property seizures, and attempted checkpoint circumventions. (Recommendation 1) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. As of June 2023, Border Patrol officials told us that the Checkpoint Program Management Office (CPMO) had completed site visits and meetings with nearly 80 percent of southwest border checkpoints to establish a baseline of checkpoint performance. During these visits, CPMO identified some issues with data entry and integrity. As of March 2024, Border Patrol officials told us that there were two ongoing efforts related to the oversight of checkpoint data. First, in October 2023, Border Patrol developed and distributed a memorandum updating CPMO's roles and responsibilities. According to the memorandum, CMPO's duties and authorities include ensuring that standards and expectations for collecting data at checkpoints are defined and that data and documentation of checkpoint activities are accurate and reliable. Related to this, as of March 2024, Border Patrol was in the process of selecting field and headquarters representatives for a cross-functional checkpoint integrated planning team. Once representatives are selected, CPMO plans to convene the team and establish working groups to address various checkpoint oversight topics, including data governance. Second, CPMO is working on the development and approval of a data governance framework. Border Patrol plans for this framework to serve as the foundation for future checkpoint data management practices and processes and expects that adherence to the framework will ensure the accurate, consistent, and systematic recording, documentation, integration, and reporting of data collected at checkpoints.
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| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should ensure that Border Patrol uses its data system to document information about all people for whom a checkpoint encounter leads to a subsequent enforcement action. (Recommendation 2) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. As of June 2023, Border Patrol officials told us that the Checkpoint Program Management Office (CPMO) had completed site visits and meetings with nearly 80 percent of southwest border checkpoints to establish a baseline of checkpoint performance. During these visits, CPMO identified some issues with data entry and integrity. As of March 2024, Border Patrol officials told us that CPMO is working on the development and approval of a data governance framework. Border Patrol plans for this framework to serve as the foundation for future checkpoint data management practices and processes and expects that adherence to the framework will ensure the accurate, consistent, and systematic recording, documentation, integration, and reporting of data collected at checkpoints.
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| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should require checkpoints with license plate readers to document secondary inspections by using the Border Enforcement Secondary Tool as intended. (Recommendation 3) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. As of June 2023, Border Patrol officials told us that the Checkpoint Program Management Office (CPMO) had completed site visits and meetings with nearly 80 percent of southwest border checkpoints to establish a baseline of checkpoint performance. These site visits found consistent problems with checkpoints using the Border Enforcement Secondary Tool. As of March 2024, Border Patrol officials told us that CPMO is working on the development and approval of a data governance framework. Border Patrol plans for this framework to serve as the foundation for future checkpoint data management practices and processes and expects that adherence to the framework will ensure the accurate, consistent, and systematic recording, documentation, integration, and reporting of data collected at checkpoints, including data related to secondary inspections.
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| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should provide sustained oversight of CPMO and hold it accountable for implementing its checkpoint oversight activities. (Recommendation 4) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. As of June 2023, Border Patrol officials told us that the Checkpoint Program Management Office (CPMO) had completed site visits and meetings with nearly 80 percent of southwest border checkpoints to establish a baseline of checkpoint performance. In October 2023, Border Patrol developed and distributed a memorandum updating CPMO's roles and responsibilities. As of March 2024, Border Patrol officials told us that Border Patrol developed and distributed a "charter" document for a checkpoint integrated planning team and was in the process of selecting headquarters and field representatives for the team. Once representatives are selected, CPMO plans to convene the team and establish working groups to address various checkpoint oversight topics. We will continue to monitor steps Border Patrol is taking to provide sustained oversight of CPMO and hold it accountable for implementing its checkpoint oversight activities.
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| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should ensure that CPMO is consistently and adequately staffed. (Recommendation 5) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. In July 2024, Border Patrol provided documentation showing that CPMO has been consistently staffed with two Border Patrol agents for more than two years. Border Patrol officials told us that these CPMO program manager positions are full-time with no duties outside of CPMO roles and responsibilities. Further, in October 2023, Border Patrol developed and distributed a memorandum updating CPMO's roles and responsibilities and in November 2023, Border Patrol established a cross-functional checkpoint integrated planning team led by CPMO. As of October 2024, Border Patrol officials told us that CMPO had convened the cross-functional team for a workshop on checkpoint planning and design and planned a future workshop on checkpoint data and technology requirements. Consistently and adequately staffing CPMO positions the office to better fulfill its checkpoint oversight responsibilities over time.
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| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should update CPMO's roles and responsibilities and communicate them across Border Patrol, including to sectors. (Recommendation 6) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. In October 2023, Border Patrol issued a memorandum updating CPMO's roles and responsibilities and distributed it to Border Patrol sectors and headquarters offices. The memorandum, U.S. Border Patrol Checkpoint Management Office Reintroduction, designated CPMO as the headquarters focal point for all checkpoint-related activities and noted that its mission is to coordinate across Border Patrol sectors, headquarters, and external stakeholders to improve checkpoint governance, performance, and safety. The memorandum described CPMO responsibilities and authorities related to administering the program office as well as overseeing checkpoint data and performance management, policy management, requirement and resource management, and stakeholder engagement. Updating and communicating CPMO's roles and responsibilities positions CPMO to better fulfill its checkpoint oversight responsibilities.
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| U.S. Border Patrol | The Chief of Border Patrol should develop policies and procedures for CPMO's checkpoint oversight activities. (Recommendation 7) |
Border Patrol agreed with this recommendation. In October 2023, Border Patrol developed and distributed a memorandum updating CPMO's roles and responsibilities and distributed it to Border Patrol sectors and headquarters offices. As of March 2024, Border Patrol officials told us that Border Patrol developed and distributed a "charter" document for a checkpoint integrated planning team and was in the process of selecting headquarters and field representatives for the team. Once representatives are selected, Border Patrol plans for CPMO to convene the team and establish working groups to address various topics related to checkpoint oversight, including: data governance, management and integrity; checkpoint health and safety; checkpoint infrastructure and technology modernization; and checkpoint policy and doctrine. We will continue to monitor steps Border Patrol is taking to develop policies and procedures for CPMO's checkpoint oversight activities.
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