Summary of Recommendations: The 9/11 Commission Report

The Administration has a number of foreign policy tools, including diplomatic, military, intelligence, and economic authorities, that it can use as part of a strategy to keep terrorists insecure and on the run. This includes, for example, freezing assets of terrorist organizations and imposition of economic sanctions for countries harboring terrorists imposed pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

The recommendation envisions continued appropriations by Congress of both development and military assistance funds to aid Pakistan. After 9/11, restrictions on assistance to Pakistan were lifted and Pakistan has since received over2 billion in assistance. ( See the 2001 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Acts on the United States, Pub. L. 107-38, 115 Stat. 220, and the 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Acts on the United States, Pub. L. 107-206, 116 Stat. 820.) The President's budget requests700 million for assistance to Pakistan for FY 2005. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

The President can implement this recommendation under his constitutional authority to conduct United States foreign policy by working with the appropriate multilateral institutions and to persuade the international community to make a long-term commitment to a secure and stable Afghanistan. Congress can continue to appropriate funds to support Afghanistan in support of this effort. The Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-327, 116 Stat. 2797, authorized3.3 billion in funds over 4 years for reconstruction. The President's budget requests for Afghanistan for fiscal year 2005 total $929 million. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

The President can carry out this recommendation under his constitutional authority and responsibilities related to the formulation and execution of United States foreign policy. Likewise, the Secretary of State, as the President's principal foreign policy advisor, has sufficient authority under a number of statutes including the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956, as amended, Aug. 1, 1956, 70 Stat. 890, the Foreign Service Act of 1980, as amended (Pub. L. 96-465, 94 Stat. 2071), and the Omnibus Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986, as amended (Pub. L. 99-399, 100 Stat. 853). Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

The President has sufficient authority to develop and carry out policies in support of this recommendation under his constitutional authority and responsibilities related to the formulation and execution of United States foreign policy. The Secretary of State, as the President's principal foreign policy advisor, also has sufficient authority under a number of statutes including the State Department Basic Authorities Act, of 1956, as amended, Aug. 1, 1956, 70 Stat. 890, the Foreign Service Act of 1980, as amended (Pub. L. 96-465, 94 Stat. 2071), and the Omnibus Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986, as amended (Pub. L. 99-399, 100 Stat. 853). Similarly, in addition to providing oversight of U.S. foreign policy, Congress can pass legislation to help set and guide policy in this area. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

In the absence of legislation requiring provision of aid to a specific country, the Administration could issue an executive order restricting provision of foreign assistance to governments it deems "most repressive and brutal." Other tools available to the Administration are export controls under the Export Administration Act, 50 U.S.C. app. 2401, et seq. (expired but authorities continued by Executive Order 13222, Aug. 22, 2001) and economic sanctions imposed under authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701). Congress can exercise oversight of, and if necessary, place restrictions on the provision of foreign assistance to specific governments. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Attorney

The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) was established under the United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994 (22 U.S.C. 6201). The BBG provides oversight and guidance to U.S. non-military international broadcast services, including Voice of America, Radio and TV Marti, WORLDNET Television and Film Service, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, Radio Sawa, and the Middle East Television Network (METN). Radio Sawa is a region-wide Arabic language radio station that combines western and Arabic popular music with news broadcasts and specialized programming. METN is an Arabic language television station designed to bolster U.S. public diplomacy efforts in the Middle East. See GAO, State Department and Broadcasting Board of Governors Expand Post-9/11 Efforts but Challenges Remain , GAO-04-1061T, Aug. 23, 2004. The pending Commerce, Justice, and State Department Appropriations bill, H.R. 4754, FY 2005, provides65 million for broadcasting in Arabic ($20 million increase over President's request). Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

The U.S. can rebuild the scholarship, exchange, and library programs that reach out to Islamic and Arab youth through executive/administrative actions taken under existing authority. Authority for U.S. cultural and exchange programs derives from the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, as amended (22 U.S.C. 2451). The State Department's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs carries out programs to implement the goals of the legislation, and the agency's Educational and Exchange account funds those programs. If deemed desirable, Congress could create legislatively an exchange program specifically for countries in the Middle East. This could be modeled after past legislation creating specific programs, such as the Russian Leadership Program after the fall of the Soviet Union (the 1999 Supplemental Appropriations Act, Pub. L. No. 106-31, Title III, 113 Stat. 57, 86-105 (1999); the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, Pub. L. No. 106-554, Appendix B, title III, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-118 thru 2763A-123 (2000)). Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

Using funds received annually through the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act, USAID could contribute to this new Fund under the authority of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (22 U.S.C. 2151). Alternatively, Congress could earmark an amount in annual foreign operations appropriations to be contributed to this new Fund. This would ensure the existence of a dedicated source of U.S. financial support for the Fund, and would indicate to the international community the U.S.'s long-term commitment to the Fund and encourage other countries to do likewise. (This approach was taken for the U.S. contribution to the Global AIDS Fund.) Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

Many economic policies in a U.S. strategy to counter terrorism can be implemented through executive/administrative actions. The Foreign Assistance Act authorizes U.S. development assistance to developing countries to assist them in building and maintaining the social and economic institutions necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth and provide opportunities to improve the quality of life for their people. ( See 22 U.S.C. 2151-1(a)). In addition, the Millennium Challenge Act of 2003 (22 U.S.C. 7701-7718) established the Millennium Challenge Account to provide additional U.S. foreign assistance to encourage economic development by creating what is intended to be a positive competition among potential recipient countries that adopt policies that help their citizens. Also, foreign assistance legislation over the past few years has placed major emphasis on economic growth in developing countries by authorizing and appropriating funds for trade capacity building (TCB) and directing various trade agencies to obligate certain amounts for TCB activities designed to promote trade. In terms of trade policy, the Administration has proposed a U.S./Middle East Free Trade Area and several legislative proposals are pending to establish trade preference programs for countries in the Middle East ( see , e.g ., S. 1121, 108th Cong./H.R. 2267, 108th Cong.). Bilateral Free Trade agreements would require legislative action. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

The President can implement this recommendation under his constitutional authority and responsibilities related to the formulation and execution of United States foreign policy. Likewise, the Secretary of State, as the President's principal foreign policy advisor responsible for the conduct of U.S. foreign policy, has sufficient authority. The lead U.S. agencies responsible for implementing U.S. policy at multilateral institutions, such the United Nations and the World Bank, and the U.S. representatives at such institutions, have sufficient statutory authority to address these issues within the institutions. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

The President can implement this recommendation under his constitutional authority and responsibilities related to the formulation and conduct of United States foreign policy. Likewise, the Secretary of State, as the President's principal foreign policy advisor, has sufficient authority to execute U.S. foreign policy (22 U.S.C. 2656). Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Richard Seldin, Senior Attorney

Current law affords a basis for administrative action to safeguard the privacy of individuals about whom information is shared among government agencies and by those agencies with the private sector. See generally 5 U.S.C. 552a (Privacy Act), the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, and the USA PATRIOT Act, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001). See, e.g. , GAO, Aviation Security: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Faces Significant Implementation Challenges , GAO-04-385, Feb. 2004; see also GAO, Homeland Security: Efforts to Improve Information Sharing Need to be Strengthened , GAO-03-760, Aug. 2003. In this regard, Attorneys General in various administrations have issued guidelines to address concerns regarding information sharing. See, e.g. , The Attorney General's Guidelines on Domestic Security Investigations (Apr. 5, 1976), reprinted in FBI Statutory Charter: Hearings on S. 1612 Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary , 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 18-26 (1978). Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

This recommendation contemplates both administrative and congressional action. The burden of proof is on the executive to demonstrate that powers, such as those conferred under the USA PATRIOT Act, materially enhance security, and that adequate safeguards are in place to protect civil liberties. The establishment of adequate guidelines and oversight to properly confine the use of governmental powers can be accomplished administratively and legislatively. Congress, in the exercise of its oversight and legislative powers, would decide whether the burden of proof to retain governmental powers has been met. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

The President could create a board within the executive branch to oversee adherence to the guidelines recommended by the 9/11 Commission and the government's commitment to defending civil liberties. The tool used to implement this recommendation, such as an executive order, could establish, inter alia , the board's administrative structure and procedures, its composition, its duties and authorities. If legislation were preferred, a possible model would be the statutorily created U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, an independent agency within the executive branch that makes findings of fact but lacks enforcement authority, submitting its findings and recommendations to the President and Congress for consideration and appropriate action. See 42 U.S.C. 1975 et seq. An example of a statutorily created board with enforcement authority would be the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. See , 42 U.S.C. 20003-4 & 20003-5. An Executive Order issued on August 27, 2004, established the President's Board on Safeguarding Civil Liberties within the Department of Justice. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

The 9/11 Commission Report concludes that the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program is in need of expansion, improvement, and resources, which would require legislative action. The CTR program, originally established under the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 (22 U.S.C. 5951-5963), was amended by Title XIII of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-136, 117 Stat. 1392, 1657-1663 (2003) to support projects and activities outside the former Soviet Union to assist the U.S. in resolution of critical emerging proliferation threats and to permit the U.S. to take advantage of opportunities to achieve long-standing nonproliferation goals. (22 U.S.C. 5963). However, that legislation limits the total amount that may be obligated in any fiscal year for such activities to no more than50 million; hence, any expansion or increase in resources would have to be done through legislative action. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) can be expanded through executive/administrative action. The 9/11 Commission Report concludes that the PSI can be more effective if it uses intelligence and planning resources of NATO. The PSI is a coalition of countries, operating under a Statement of Interdiction Principles that seek to enhance and expand efforts to prevent the flow of WMD, their delivery systems, and related materials. As such, non-NATO countries that want to support interdiction efforts consistent with PSI's principles can participate. In this regard, the U.S. could use diplomatic efforts to encourage Russia and China to participate in PSI without the need for legislative action or treaty amendment. NATO intelligence and planning resources can be used under this initiative by PSI participants that are NATO members to more effectively accomplish PSI objectives. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

This recommendation can be implemented by executive/administrative action under a number of statutes, including sections 314 and 326 of the USA PATRIOT Act, Pub. L. No. 107-56,
115 Stat. 272 (2001), designed to facilitate the tracking of terrorist financing operations
within the United States. With respect to efforts to track terrorist financing operations
outside the U.S., the Treasury Department participates in the Financial Action Task Force
on Money Laundering ( http://www.fatf-gafi.org/ ) and in the Egmont Group ( http://www.egmontgroup.org/ ), both of which are informal multilateral organizations established to combat money laundering. To the extent that the executive branch can identify new opportunities to help foreign governments enhance their capacity to detect and deter money laundering, Congress would need to fund such assistance through the appropriations process. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Mark Dowling, Senior Attorney

Combining terrorist intelligence, operations, and law enforcement in the recommended strategy can be implemented through executive/administrative actions, although implementation may raise privacy concerns. Current authorities in such legislation as the USA PATRIOT Act (Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001)), the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1101), the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001)), the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002)), and the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (Pub. L. No. 107-173, 116 Stat. 543 (2002)), allow the government to devise a strategy that would promote the efficient and reliable movement of people across borders while preventing terrorists from using various modes of transportation to carry out terrorist acts. For example, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has established the government-wide United States Visitor and Immigration Status Technology (US-VISIT) program to collect, maintain, and share information on foreign nationals and better control and monitor the entry, visa status, and exit of visitors. As part of US-VISIT, the State Department is implementing the Biometric Visa program, which requires that all persons applying for U.S. visas have certain biometrics (fingerprints) and digital photographs collected during the visa application interview and cleared through a DHS automated biometric identification system before receiving a visa. However, depending on how the recommended strategy is formulated and implemented, privacy concerns could arise as with previous government initiatives such as the Department of Homeland Security's former Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening Program (CAPPS II). ( See GAO, Aviation Security: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Faces Significant Implementation Challenges, GAO-04-385 (Washington D.C.: February 2004). Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Ernie Jackson, Senior Attorney

The Department of Homeland Security's primary mission encompasses the prevention of terrorist attacks within the United States and the reduction of the nation's vulnerability to terrorism. Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002). The President can direct that DHS, under existing authority, design and coordinate a comprehensive, multi-agency screening system that addresses common problems of, and sets common standards for, an integrated border security system. See id. at 201(d), 116 Stat. at 2146-48; see also Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) -6 , Sept. 16, 2003; HSPD-7, Dec. 17, 2003; & HSPD-11, Aug. 27, 2004. However, as demonstrated by the federalization of airport screening operations, Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001), and the implementation of an automated entry and exit data system (US-VISIT), see Pub. L. Nos. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001) & 107-173, 116 Stat. 543 (2002), such large-scale endeavors have significant resource implications, see, e.g. , GAO, Information Technology: Homeland Security Needs to Improve Entry Exit System Expenditure Planning , GAO-03-563, June 2003, that benefit from congressional action. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

The federal government currently is required to develop an information system for gathering and sharing information about aliens seeking to enter or stay in the United States. See, e.g. , the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996); the INS Data Management Improvement Act, Pub. L. No. 106-215, 114 Stat. 337 (2000); the USA PATRIOT Act, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001); and the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-173, 116 Stat. 543 (May 2002). A major element of this system is the interoperability among federal agency systems, the use of machine-readable visas, passports, and other travel documents, and the use of biometric identifiers. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

The President can implement this recommendation under his constitutional authority and responsibilities related to the formulation and execution of United States foreign policy. Likewise, law enforcement agencies, the State Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and other agencies appear to have sufficient authority to exchange information with trusted allies. If necessary, the Administration could enter into mutual assistance and other executive agreements to exchange information and to set standards for travel and crossing. Contacts: Mark Speight, Assistant General Counsel, IAT; Richard Seldin, Senior Attorney

Birth certificates and drivers licenses are presently in the purview of the states. Federal legislation would be needed to set standards called for by the recommendation. The President, through HSPD-12 (Aug. 27, 2004), has called for the establishment of a mandatory, government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification issued by the federal government to its employees and contractors. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

The Aviation and Transportation Security Act authorized TSA to issue, rescind, and revise regulations necessary to carry out the functions of TSA and to protect transportation security, and to consider requiring passenger air carriers to share passenger lists with appropriate federal agencies for the purpose of identifying individuals who may pose a threat to aviation safety or national security. See Pub. L. No. 107-71, 101, 115 Stat. 597, 597-604 (2001). Under this authority, TSA can expedite improved use of the "no-fly" and "automatic selectee" lists, perform this screening function and utilize the larger set of watch lists maintained by the federal government to the extent allowable under current law ( see, e.g. , Pub. L. Nos. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002), 107-173, 116 Stat. 543 (2002); 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001)); see also HSPDs-6, Sept. 16, 2003, and -11, Aug. 27, 2004), and require that air carriers provide the necessary information to test and implement this new system. GAO is aware of privacy implications associated with this recommendation but knows of no legal barriers to TSA carrying out the specified recommendation. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Existing statutory authority in title 49 of the United States Code permits an administrative response to this recommendation. TSA can undertake to train screeners, utilize current technologies and develop new ones to ensure that individuals selected for special screening are screened for explosives, and can conduct a human factors study to understand problems in screener performance and set attainable objectives for screeners and checkpoints. See generally 49 U.S.C. 44901 et seq. and GAO, Aviation Security: Challenges Exist in Stabilizing and Enhancing Passenger and Baggage Screening Operations , GAO-04-440T, Feb. 2004. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi Attorney

Current laws and guidance support the use of the planning concepts recommended by the Commission in developing information systems. See , e.g. , the Clinger-Cohen Act, Pub. L. No. 104-106, 10, 110 Stat. 186 (1996); the E-Government Act, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 716 Stat. 2899 (2002); and OMB Circular A-130 Transmittal Memorandum No. 4, Nov.28, 2000. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

The screening system currently in place at the nation's borders, seaports, and airports necessarily involves a balance of the security and civil liberties interests of individuals; however, administrative action can be taken to alleviate concerns of "categorical profiling." For example, TSA could enhance its screener trainingbasic, recurrent, and remedial-to educate screeners on how to appropriately observe particular, identifiable suspects or indicators of risk, while guarding against the use of guesswork. See 49 U.S.C. 44935. From the perspective of an automated pre-screening system, such as the proposed CAPPS II system, TSA could implement and follow a policy that ensures the data obtained and algorithms utilized to pre-screen passengers do not result in categorical profiling. See generally GAO, Aviation Security: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Faces Significant Implementation Challenges , GAO-04-385, Feb. 2004. GAO has recommended that entities engaged in screening operations should undertake periodic data collection and analysis to link characteristics of potential passengers with screening results to develop criteria for determining which persons to choose for screening. See GAO, U.S. Customs Service: Better Targeting of Airline Passengers for Personal Searches Could Produce Better Results , GAO/GGD-00-38, Mar. 2000. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Enabling state and local law enforcement to better cooperate with federal agencies by prescribing more training and work with federal agencies can be accomplished administratively. In the maritime security domain, for example, the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) calls on the Coast Guard to lead the Area Maritime Security Committees to improve intergovernmental and private-sector cooperation and mandates the preparation of a National Maritime Security Plan that would, among other things, require coordination with state and local government agencies. See Pub. L. No. 107-295, 102, 116 Stat. 2068, 2069-72, 81-82 (2002). Similarly, the FBI has taken steps to facilitate the flow of information to state and local law enforcement agencies to enable them to better help prevent or respond to terrorist attacks by enhancing the security clearance and information-sharing process. See GAO, Security Clearances: FBI has Enhanced its Process for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials , GAO-04-596, Apr. 2004; see also HSPD-6 (Sept. 16, 2003). With respect to aviation, TSA currently requires that airport operators regulated under 49 C.F.R. part 1542 maintain an armed law enforcement presence and authorizes aircraft operators regulated under 49 C.F.R. parts 1544 and 1546 to allow state and local law enforcement officers to fly armed. GAO knows of no legal barriers to, for example, implementing a training program to ensure that state and local law enforcement officers receive adequate training in coordination with federal authorities, such as the Federal Air Marshals Service. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Neither the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-295, 116 Stat. 2064, nor the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA), Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 597 (2001), required that TSA develop an integrated strategic plan for the transportation sector or specific plans for the various transportation modes. However, section 101 of ATSA did charge the Under Secretary (now TSA Administrator) with responsibility for security in all modes of transportation and identified the development of policies, strategies, and plans for dealing with threats to transportation security among its various duties and powers. See 49 U.S.C. 114(d) & (f). TSA can satisfy this recommendation administratively by developing such a plan or plans either at its own initiative or by executive direction. Congress can undertake to pass legislation that establishes deadlines for the development of such a plan or plans. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Just as Congress established deadlines with respect to distinct aspects of transportation security, such as federalizing the screener workforce at airports or the screening of all checked baggage using explosive detection systems, s ee Pub. L. No. 107-71, 110, 115 Stat. 597, 614-16 (2001), so can Congress establish specific dates by which DHS or TSA shall have completed a strategic plan for the transportation sector or specific plans for the various transportation modes. Such deadlines, accompanied by reporting requirements, would support congressional oversight and agency accountability. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

TSA currently utilizes a "system of systems" layered approach to aviation security, which includes, inter alia , passenger pre-screening, passenger and baggage screening, and the presence of federal air marshals aboard flights. See, e.g. , GAO, Aviation Security: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Faces Significant Implementation Challenges , GAO-04-385, Feb. 2004. TSA has broad authority to secure all modes of transportation, see 49 U.S.C. 114, and can take administrative action to ensure that security plans take into consideration the full array of possible enemy tactics, to improve weak individual layers of this system and its effectiveness at thwarting more plausible and dangerous forms of attack against public transportation, and to expand this system across other modes of transportation as appropriate. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Legislation has yet to mandate the installation of in-line baggage-screening equipment but has provided funding mechanisms for the installation of such advanced systems. TSA predominantly utilizes letters of intent (LOIs), authorized by Public Laws 108-7, 117 Stat. 11 (2003) and 108-176, 117 Stat. 2490 (2003), to fund the installation of in-line baggage screening systems by agreeing to pay a certain percentage of the installation costs pending availability of future appropriations. The LOI recipient pays for the system up front but is ultimately only responsible for a set percentage of the final cost. Instituting a revised funding mechanism would benefit from legislation that addresses what constitutes the aviation industry's "fair share" of the costs. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

TSA can administratively require that every passenger aircraft carrying cargo deploy at least one hardened container to carry any suspect cargo. However, pending legislation that would require an evaluation of blast-resistant cargo container technology and an examination of operational impacts that may result from use of this technology suggest that considerations such as these could be taken into account. See S. 165, 108th Cong. 11(2003). A mechanism to fund this proposed requirement would benefit from legislation. See, e.g. , Pub. L. No. 108-7, 367, 117 Stat. 11, 423-24 (2003). Further, TSA has authority to intensify its efforts to identify, track, and appropriately screen potentially dangerous cargo in both the aviation, see Pub. L. No. 107-71, 115 Stat. 614 (2001), and maritime sectors, see Pub. L. No. 107-295, 116 Stat. 2064 (2002). Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Identifying and evaluating transportation assets that need protection, setting risk-based priorities for defending them, selecting the most practical and cost-effective ways of doing so, and developing a plan and budget to implement that effort can be accomplished administratively, see GAO , Transportation Security: Federal Action Needed to Help Address Security Challenges , GAO-03-843, June 2003, though funding levels would be dependent on congressional appropriations and any applicable statutory allocation formulas. See, e.g. , 49 U.S.C. 44923(h). The plan to implement this effort could identify appropriate roles and missions for the relevant federal, state, regional, and local authorities and for private stakeholders. See, e.g. , GAO, Homeland Security: Federal Leadership and Intergovernmental Cooperation Required to Achieve First Responder Communications , GAO-04-740, July 2004. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

The current homeland security grant structure includes minimum percent distributions per state and population-based allocations ( see, e.g. , the State Homeland Security Grant Program and Emergency Management Performance Grant Program), needs-based discretionary grants vetted through an application process ( see, e.g. , Assistance to Firefighter Program grants), and discretionary grants that consider DHS risk and vulnerability assessments, critical infrastructure, and population density ( see, e.g. , the Urban Area Security Initiative Program). As a result, implementing a system based strictly on the assessments of risk and vulnerability would require amendments to relevant legislation to eliminate barriers to this proposed system, such as the USA PATRIOT Act's per-state minimum percent allocation, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 1014, 115 Stat. 272, 399-400 (2001). To date, proposed legislation has not advocated a strict risk/vulnerability-based assistance system, although there have been proposals to direct more appropriated funds toward the urban, threat-based grants and less toward grants that guarantee a minimum amount of funding for every state. See H.R. 4852, 108th Cong. (2004); H.R. 3266, 108th Cong. (2003); S. 930, 108th Cong. (2003), S. 1245, 108th Cong. (2003). Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

To encourage the adoption and regular use of the Incident Command System (ICS), the President announced that administrative action will be taken to condition the availability of federal preparedness assistance through grants, contracts, or other activity on the adoption of a National Incident Management System, of which ICS qualifies. See HSPD-5, Feb. 28, 2003. DHS, to the extent allowed by law, can make funding contingent on aggressive and realistic training in accordance with ICS and unified command procedures. However, conditioning the availability of funds on the adoption and regular use of ICS would require that legislation be amended since, under current law, states are entitled to certain funds regardless of any contingency. See, e.g. , Pub. L. No. 107-56 , 1014, 115 Stat. 272, 399-400 (2001). Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

With regard to the issue of improving first responder communications connectivity, GAO knows of no federal legal barriers to administrative implementation of the recommendation for improved coordination among local, state, and federal government bodies to ensure better communications connectivity with and among first responders. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

The standard for private preparedness recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) provides criteria to assess current programs or to develop, implement, and maintain a program to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters and emergencies. The standard is designed for use by entities with responsibility for disaster, emergency management, and business continuity programs. See National Fire Protection Association 1600 (2004). DHS has promoted the use of ANSI standards and could be directed to do so by legislation, such as pending bill H.R. 4830, 108th Cong., 2d Sess. (2004). (The "Private Sector Preparedness Act of 2004," H.R. 4830, would require the Secretary of DHS to support the development of standards for private sector preparedness using ANSI standards and other specified guidance.) Establishing the ANSI standard as the standard of care owed by a company to its employees and the public for legal purposes would need to be accomplished legislatively. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Establishing concrete objectives and goals by which agencies can measure success can be accomplished administratively. The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA), Pub. L. No. 103-62, 107 Stat. 285, requires that agencies submit a strategic plan for their program activities covering a period of at least five fiscal years from the date submitted to the Director of OMB and the Congress. The plan should include, inter alia , general goals and objectives for the major functions and operations of the agency, along with a description of how these goals and objectives will be achieved. GPRA also requires that agencies set annual performance goals and report on progress made towards achieving those goals in annual performance reports. See generally , GAO, Results-Oriented Government: GPRA Has Established a Solid Foundation for Achieving Greater Results , GAO-04-38, Mar. 2004 ; see also , GAO, Aviation Security: Efforts to Measure Effectiveness and Address Challenges , GAO-04-232T, Nov. 2003. In addition, HSPD-8 (Dec. 17, 2003) required the Secretary of Homeland Security to develop a national domestic all-hazards preparedness goal. Administrative action can be taken to ensure the availability of this information to observers, including the general public, and that it is specific enough so that such observers can judge whether or not the objectives have been achieved. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Convening a panel of security experts to advise on and recommend written benchmarks for evaluating community needs can be accomplished administratively. See, e.g. , Federal Advisory Committee Act, Pub. L. No. 92-463, 86 Stat. 770 (1972) (codified as amended at 5U.S.C. app. 2). However, a system for allocating homeland security funds in accordance with vulnerability-based benchmarks could potentially require legislation to reconcile inconsistent statutory provisions to the implementation of such an allocation system, such as the USA PATRIOT Act's 75-percent minimum per state allocation formula. Pub. L. No. 107-56, 1014, 115 Stat. 272, 399-400 (2001). State implementation of such vulnerability-based benchmarks in disbursing federal funds could be accomplished through grant requirements, provided the funds were not distributed pursuant to a statutorily mandated purpose such as the Firefighter Assistance Grants. See 15 U.S.C. 2201 et seq. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Both the Courts and the Comptroller General have consistently held that, absent specific statutory authority, indemnity provisions that subject the United States to contingent and undetermined liability violate the Antideficiency Act. Hercules, Inc. v. U.S. , 516 U.S. 417,
426-428 (1996); see also B-242146, Aug. 16, 1991, and B-260063, June 30, 1995. Our Office has not objected, on legal grounds, to indemnity agreements the liability of which is covered by existing appropriations or a specific dollar amount, so-called closed ended indemnity agreements. Congress would need to provide express authority for federal agencies to enter into mutual aid agreements with adjacent law enforcement that contain open-ended indemnity agreements. Contact: Carlos Diz, Assistant General Counsel, AB

Authorities needed to address this recommendation are in the numbered sub-recommendations below. As a general observation many aspects of establishing the Commission's recommended NCTC will require amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, but the President also has significant executive authority to prescribe the NCTC's roles and functions. We also note that Senator Roberts recently released a draft bill calling for the creation of an NCTC similar to the one recommended by the 9/11 Commission that would be responsible for tasking intelligence collection and analysis and coordinating the intelligence operations related to counterterrorism. Senator Roberts' bill, however, would establish the NCTC in the Office of the National Intelligence Director instead of in the Executive Office of the President (EOP) as recommended by the 9/11 Commission. On August 27, 2004, the President issued an Executive Order establishing a NCTC that meets the Commission's recommendation of creating a centralized institution that combines strategic intelligence analysis and joint operational planning. Rather than placing the NCTC in the EOP, however, the President has directed it to be under the supervision of the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) and headed by a director who is appointed by the DCI and approved by the President. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Although this sub-recommendation could be accomplished by executive order, it could require legislation to empower the NCTC to function effectively as a "joint command." Given that there is currently no executive reorganization statute in effect ( see 5 U.S.C. 905(b)), the President's authority to establish offices is limited, especially if the new office causes reallocation of budget authority, is formed by portions of existing executive departments or agencies, or where it will have authority to order other agencies to execute operational plans. Nevertheless, several intelligence or national security offices have been established by executive declaration, directive, or order. ( See E.O. 13228, Establishing the Office of Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council, Oct 8, 2001.) In addition, the President also administratively established the Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC), the National Security Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, and the Defense Intelligence Agency by declaration/
directive/executive order. The creation of the National Geospacial-Intelligence Agency (formerly National Imagery and Mapping Agency) is an example of where specific legislation was used to establish an executive agency formed from portions of several existing agencies (Pub. L. No. 104-201, Title XI, 110 Stat. 2675 (1996)). Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This sub-recommendation would require amendment to existing law (50 U.S.C. 403-3) that gives the DCI the general responsibility to establish priorities and approve intelligence collection requirements for national collection assets and provide overall direction for the collection of national intelligence through human sources. In addition, legislation would be helpful to clarify the role of a National Intelligence Director in directing intelligence collection inside the United States. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

The selection of either an executive order or legislation to implement this sub-recommendation depends on who will exercise actual tasking authority (i.e., the ability to order execution of an operational plan). If the NCTC will serve merely as a terrorist intelligence analysis and planning center, an executive order could suffice to establish the joint analytical and operational planning procedures. If, however, the NCTC will have the authority to order the execution of a plan, then legislation will be needed to "trump" the existing statutory authorities governing the other agencies ( e.g. , 10 U.S.C. 113(b), 10 U.S.C. 162(b) - authorities placing command and control of DOD assets in the hands of SecDef). The existing Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC), which focuses on analyzing terrorist threat-related intelligence available to all government agencies and disseminating it to appropriate recipients while exercising no operational planning or tasking authority, was established by Presidential declaration and departmental memorandums of understanding. Contacts:

This sub-recommendation could be accomplished by either executive order or legislation. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

The creation and reporting requirements of an officer whose rank is equivalent to a deputy head of a cabinet department must be accomplished via legislation. See U.S. Const. Art. II, 2, cl. 2 (appointments clause). Similar statutory provisions are found at 10 U.S.C. 132 (DepSecDef), 22 U.S.C. 2651a(a)(2) (DepSecState), 6 U.S.C. 113(a)(1) (DepSecHS), 50 U.S.C. 403(b)(DDCI), 21 U.S.C. 1703(a) DepDirNDCP. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This sub-recommendation could be accomplished by either executive order or legislation, although legislation would enhance the head of the NCTC's concurrence power in the appointment of U.S. counterterrorism leaders and role in developing the President's counterterrorism budget. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

To merge the Homeland Security Council (HSC) with the National Security Council (NSC) would require legislation since both entities are defined by existing statutes (50 U.S.C. 402 (NSC)) and 6U.S.C. 491 496 (HSC)). Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

See comments to sub-recommendation 1 above. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Legislative action would be required to amend the National Security Act of 1947 to address this recommendation. Specific provisions are addressed in the numbered sub-recommendations below.

Two bills currently before Congress (S. 190, 108th Cong. (2003), sponsored by Senator Feinstein and H.R. 4104, 108th Cong. (2004), sponsored by Representative Harman) call for the establishment of a Director of National Intelligence (DNI). Both bills would have the DNI serve as the head of the U.S. intelligence community and act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to national security. These bills also would give the DNI the responsibility for developing and approving annual budgets for the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP) and Senator Feinstein's bill (S. 190) would make the DNI responsible for executing this budget. Representative Harman's bill (H.R. 4104) would establish training, assignment, and promotion criteria for intelligence personnel and fix the DNI's term of service at 10 years. Another current legislative proposal by Representative Goss (H.R. 4584, 108th Cong.) seeks to strengthen the role of the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) by appropriating all NFIP funds directly to the DCI, making him/her responsible for determining the NFIP budget, and by establishing eight new associate directors and six assistant directors to help manage the intelligence community. See CRS RL32506 for a summary of the bills' major provisions.

Another proposed bill, released by Senator Roberts, seeks to restructure the entire intelligence community into a "National Intelligence Service" (NIS) headed by a National Intelligence Director (NID) and organized along functional lines ( e.g. , intelligence collection, intelligence analysis and production, research and development, and acquisition, and intelligence in support of the Department of Defense) instead of organizational lines ( e.g. , CIA, DOD, Homeland Security) as proposed by the 9/11 Commission. Under this bill the National Security Agency, the National Geospacial-Intelligence Agency, and the former divisions within the CIA would be placed under the direction, supervision, and control of the NID. The NID would have complete control over preparing, approving, and executing the budget for the National Intelligence Program, which would replace the current NFIP. He/she would also have complete hire/fire and assignment authority over personnel serving in the NIS and would have the authority to establish National Intelligence Centers to focus on issues such as counterproliferation, counterintelligence, and counternarcotics.

On August 27, 2004, the President issued an Executive Order designed to enhance the powers of the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to manage and control the activities of the Intelligence Community. Many of the provisions in the Executive Order address specific aspects of the Commission's sub-recommendations ( e.g. , improving intelligence information sharing, establishing common security and access standards and uniform personnel training, education and assignment policies, and creating National Intelligence Centers to focus on major national security threats). However, the Executive Order did not meet several key aspects of the Commission's recommendations that, as discussed below in the numbered sub-recommendations, require legislative action ( e.g. , the creation of the NID and the three deputy directors, empowering the NID with complete NFIP budget formulation responsibility and execution authority, and nomination authority for the directors of national intelligence agencies.) Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Current law (50 U.S.C. 403-3) giving DCI wide oversight responsibilities would have to be amended to address this sub-recommendation. Including specific responsibility relating to the provision of all-source analysis and intelligence operational planning in amended legislation would firmly define the scope of the NID's oversight authority over the national intelligence centers. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Designating the NID as the principal intelligence adviser to the President will require, at a minimum, legislation to amend 50 U.S.C. 403(a), which currently assigns this role to the DCI. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Numerous legislative amendments to Title 50 ( e.g. , 50 U.S.C. 403(a), 50 U.S.C. 403-3(c), 50 U.S.C. 403-4(d)) would be needed to (1) replace the existing NFIP program and (2) empower the NID instead of the DCI with the authority to manage the intelligence program and oversee the component agencies. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This sub-recommendation needs legislation that amends current budget responsibilities and authorities given to the DCI (50 U.S.C. 403-3 and 403-4) and the head of the various executive agencies and departments and establishes these roles under the NID. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Legislation would be needed to amend the current laws that give the DCI the authority to concur or consult in most of these nominations. See 50 U.S.C. 403-6 and 10 U.S.C. 201. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Numerous legislative amendments to Title 50, Title 10, and Title 6 would be needed to establish, as deputies to the NID, officials who also will be serving in positions and offices in separate executive agencies and departments and to delineate their chains of command. Coordination of other agencies in the intelligence community within the three principal areas (foreign, defense, and homeland intelligence) could be accomplished by executive order or legislation. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Designating the national intelligence offices in a department or agency could be accomplished by executive order since they are recommended to have no specified tasking or operational authority over outside agencies. Depending on the scope and directness of the NIC Directors' "reporting" requirements, legislation may be necessary to clearly define the chain of command between the directors, their agency heads, and the NID. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Current law (50 U.S.C. 403-4(f)) specifying the DCI authorities over intelligence community personnel would have to be amended. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

Granting this power to the NID would require amendments to current laws ( e.g. , 50 U.S.C. 403g) that place this authority with the DCI. The specific policies could be issued via executive/administrative directives/orders. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This could be accomplished by either executive order or legislation depending upon Congress' desire to formally establish an NSC executive committee. Currently, National Security Presidential Directive 1 establishes several non-statutory committees (NSC Principals Committee, NSC Deputies Committee, NSC Policy Coordinating Committees, etc.), whereas 50U.S.C. 402 establishes the Committee on Foreign Intelligence and the Committee on Transnational Threats. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This sub-recommendation would require amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, to locate the National Intelligence Director in, and move existing CIA offices to, the Executive Office of the President. See also comment to NCTC sub-recommendation 5, page 27. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

If the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) maintains its current position atop the intelligence community, empowering that position with control over the purse strings of the intelligence budget, the ability to hire or fire senior managers, and the ability to set standards for the information infrastructure and personnel would require amendments to the National Security Act (NSA) of 1947. See 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq. Pending bill H.R. 4584, 108th Cong. (2004), proposes to strengthen the DCI's authority over the intelligence community while other bills, notably H.R. 4104, 108th Cong. (2004), and S. 190, 108th Cong. (2003), would replace the DCI atop the intelligence community with a National Intelligence Director. Each bill would, to varying degrees, empower the head of the intelligence community with respect to some or all of the powers addressed by the recommendation. President Bush's Executive Order of August 27, 2004, addresses the DCI's authorities over the intelligence community. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

The recommendation is suited for administrative management direction and action. Emphasis on (d) and (e) could be addressed appropriately through a revision of Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities, Dec. 4, 1981. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This recommendation could be accomplished by either executive order or legislation; however, legislation would provide formal legal authority for DOD to be the sole U.S. government entity to conduct paramilitary operations. Modifying 10 U.S.C. 167 would be a logical place to give this authority to the Special Operations Command. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

The establishment of this specialized and integrated national security workforce could be addressed by administrative action. The 9/11 Commission Report provides, specifically with respect to this recommendation, that the President, by executive order or directive, should direct the FBI to develop this intelligence cadre. The Commission asserts that a number of changes need to occur within the FBI to implement this recommendation such as the implementation of a recruiting, hiring, and selection process for agents and analysts that enhances its ability to target and attract individuals with educational and professional backgrounds in intelligence, international relations, language, technology, and other relevant skills. Pending legislation addresses some types of changes. For example, S. 1520, 108th Cong. (2003), would require the Director of FBI to, among other things, take actions relating to strengthening FBI's counterterrorism program such as establishing independent career tracks, implementing various types of training, and the recruiting of linguists. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Geoffrey Hamilton, Senior Attorney

The desire to ensure that FBI's shift to a preventive counterterrorism posture is more fully institutionalized so as to survive beyond the current Director could be addressed either by executive or by legislative action depending upon the level of involvement Congress desires in addressing the permanency of FBI's transformation efforts. Pending bill S. 1520, 108th Cong. (2003), exemplifies a legislative desire to address certain aspects of counterterrorism capabilities at the FBI in a manner that would survive beyond the current Director. The FBI's efforts to shift to a preventive counterterrorism posture have been the subject of several GAO testimonies. See GAO, FBI Reorganization: Initial Steps Encouraging but Broad Transformation Needed , GAO-02-865T (Washington, D.C.: June 21, 2002); GAO, FBI Reorganization: Progress Made in Efforts to Transform, but Major Challenges Continue , GAO-03-759T (Washington, D.C.: June 18, 2003); GAO, FBI Reorganization: FBI Continues to Make Progress in Its Efforts to Transform and Address Priorities , GAO-04-578T (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 23, 2004); and GAO, FBI Transformation: Human Capital Strategies May Assist the FBI in Its Commitment to Address Its Top Priorities , GAO-04-817T (Washington, D.C.: June 3, 2004). Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Geoffrey Hamilton, Senior Attorney

The United States Constitution provides that: "No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time." Art.I, 9, cl. 7. This provision of the Constitution gives Congress plenary authority to appropriate funds and require the reporting and accounting of the receipt and expenditure of appropriated funds it considers proper. U.S. v. Richardson , 418 U.S. 166, 178-179 (1974), Harrington v. Bush , 553 F.2d 190, 194-195 (D.C. Cir. 1977). Thus, Congress has the authority and latitude to require the disclosure and reporting to the public of amounts authorized and appropriated for intelligence and intelligence-related activities. Contact: Carlos Diz, Assistant General Counsel, AB

The Homeland Security Information Sharing Act (sections 891 - 899 of the Homeland Security Act, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, 2252 (2002) requires the President to develop procedures for agencies, including intelligence agencies, with regard to sharing homeland security information. While the President delegated this function to the Secretary of Homeland Security in Executive Order No. 13311 (July 29, 2003), the President issued an Executive Order on August 27, 2004, on Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism Information to Protect Americans. The August 27, 2004, Order is intended to improve sharing of terrorism-related information among federal agencies and with state and local governments. Among other things, the order requires the development of common standards, with provisions for incentives, for sharing of terrorism information within the intelligence community. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

As the Commission states, this recommendation depends on replacing the traditional intelligence "need-to-know" presumption with that of "need-to-share." Generally, current laws and policies for government-wide information security ( e.g. , under the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899, 2946 (2002)) and security for national security systems ( e.g. , under E.O. 13292, Mar. 25, 2003; 12333, Dec. 4, 1981; 12958, Apr. 17, 1995; 12863, Sept. 13, 1993; and National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Directive (NSTISSD) No. 502) provide broad authority for the executive branch in this area. More specifically, the Homeland Security Information Sharing Act (sections 891 - 899 of the Homeland Security Act, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, 2252 (2002)) mandates the use of homeland security information sharing systems that can transmit both unclassified and classified information (sec. 892(b)). The President issued an Executive Order on August 27, 2004, on terrorism information sharing that creates an interagency Information Systems Council to plan for and oversee the establishment of an interoperable terrorism information environment to support automated information sharing. GAO knows of no legal barriers to administrative implementation of this recommendation. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

As a general matter, the executive branch has broad authority under laws, such as the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3503-3506, and the Federal Information Security Management Act, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899, 2946, Dec. 17, 2002, and executive orders, such as Executive Order 13292, Mar. 25, 2003, and Executive Order 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, to set both government-wide and national security information management and security policies and procedures. More specifically, presidential guidance in this area is required by the Homeland Security Information Sharing Act (sections 891 - 899 of the Homeland Security Act, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, 2252 (2002)). Also, related responsibilities are given to the Homeland Security Directorate for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection by Title II of the Homeland Security Act. Recently, the President issued an Executive Order dated August 27, 2004, on terrorism information sharing that directs the development of common standards for information sharing within the intelligence community, and of executive branch-wide collection and sharing requirements, procedures, and guidelines for terrorism information to be collected within the United States, including from publicly available sources. GAO knows of no legal barriers to administrative implementation of this recommendation. Contacts: Chuck Roney, Assistant General Counsel, IT; David Plocher, Senior Attorney

This recommendation envisions both executive and legislative branch actions to accelerate decisionmaking on national security appointments. One means to avoid transition problems is to create term appointments for selected agency heads, such as the NID and/or the CIA Director. Such appointments would require legislation. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; David A. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

This recommendation could be accomplished by executive order or DOD directive and congressional oversight. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

DHS can regularly assess the types of threats faced by the country to determine the adequacy of the government's plansand the progress under those plansto protect America's critical infrastructure and the readiness of the government to respond to the threats that the United States might face. Section 201 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, charged the Under Secretary for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection to, inter alia , access, receive, and analyze information to identify and assess the nature and scope of terrorist threats to the homeland, to detect and identify threats of terrorism against the United States, and to understand such threats in light of actual and potential vulnerabilities of the homeland. Congressional committees with jurisdiction over the Department can conduct oversight based on information voluntarily provided by the Department or pursuant to legislative mandate. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Thomas Lombardi, Attorney

Either of the Commission's proposals for congressional intelligence oversight would require changes to the chamber rules of both houses, which currently vest intelligence oversight authority in the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. A joint committee on intelligence, which would replace the House and Senate select committees, could be created by concurrent resolution, joint resolution, or through the regular bill process, just as the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 created the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Unlike a joint resolution or bill, however, only a concurrent resolution could be passed without presentment to the President. The Commission's alternate proposala single committee in each house combining authorizing and appropriating authoritieswould require that each chamber strengthen its intelligence committee and provide them appropriations authority, which currently rests with the chambers' appropriations committees. Congress could accomplish such a rules change either by separate House and Senate resolutions or through the regular bill process. Regardless of whether Congress establishes one joint or two separate intelligence committees, applicable chamber rules would authorize the resulting committee(s) to determine its own subcommittee structure, including the establishment of a separate intelligence oversight subcommittee. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Christine Davis, Senior Attorney

Creating a permanent standing committee on homeland security in the House and Senate would require that both chambers change their existing chamber rules to realign the legislative jurisdictions of their current committee structures. See U.S. Const. Art. I, 5, cl. 2. This could most easily be accomplished by separate resolution in each house, by joint or concurrent resolution or through the regular bill process. During the 108th Congress, the House established a select Committee on Homeland Security to provide legislative and oversight coordination for the newly created Department of Homeland Security and homeland security issues generally. However, the establishment of the select committee (which is set to expire at the end of the 108th Congress) did not affect the jurisdiction of existing House committees over specific aspects of homeland security such as the Committee on the Judiciary's jurisdiction over subversive activities affecting domestic security. As for the Senate, it has continued to consider homeland security issues within its existing committee structure. Contacts: Jan Montgomery, Assistant General Counsel, HSJ; Christine Davis, Senior Attorney

This sub-recommendation could be accomplished by either executive order or legislation. Executive Order 12968, Access to Classified Information, Aug. 2, 1995, establishes procedures and criteria for granting security clearances for federal agencies and could be amended to designate a single federal agency sole responsibility for granting and maintaining security clearances. Consolidating all security clearance functions, however, may involve the transfer of several thousand federal civilian adjudicative and investigative personnel that would benefit from express legislative authority. As an example, Congress recently passed legislation authorizing the transfer of DOD security clearance adjudication to OPM that involved the transfer of over 1,800 security clearance investigative employees. See FY 2003 National Defense Authorization Act, Pub. L. No. 108-136, Section 906, 117 Stat. 1392, 1561-1563 (2002). None of the intelligence community reorganization bills currently before Congress or the Executive Order, issued by the President on August 27, 2004, designed to strengthen the management of the intelligence community contain a provision designating one federal agency with responsibility for issuing and maintaining security clearances. The Presidential Executive Order, the Harman Bill (H.R. 4104), and Senator Roberts' recently released draft bill do call for the establishment of uniform standards and procedures throughout the intelligence community for granting access to classified information. Contacts: John Van Schaik, Assistant General Counsel, DCM; DavidA. Mayfield, Senior Attorney

9/11 Commission Recommendations

Executive/Administrative Action May Be Sufficient

Legislation Required

Terrorist Sanctuaries

Identify and prioritize terrorist sanctuaries (p.2)

X

Aid to Pakistan (p.2)

X

Commitment to Afghanistan (p.3)

X

X

Relationship with Saudi Arabia (p.3)

X

Roots of Terrorism

Moral leadership (p.4)

X

Take stand against countries that do not respect our principles (p.4)

X

Resources for Broadcasting Board of Governors (p.5)

X

Rebuild scholarship, exchange, and library programs (p.5)

X

Support International Youth Opportunity Fund (p.6)

X

Economic policies to counter terrorism (p.6)

X

X

Coalition strategy against Islamist terrorism (p.7)

X

Human Rights and Civil Liberties

Coalition approach towards treatment of captured terrorists (p.8)

X

Protect privacy when sharing information (p.8)

X

Burden of proof for retaining governmental powers (p.8)

X

Oversight board on civil liberties (p.9)

X

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Strengthening counter proliferation efforts (p.10)

X

Expand Proliferation Security Initiative (p.10)

X

Terrorist Financing and Travel

Track terrorist financing (p.11)

X

Target terrorist travel (p.12)

X

Border and Transportation Security

X

Biometric entry-exit screening program (p.13)

X

Share terrorist information with allies (p.14)

X

Secure identification standards (p.14)

X

9/11 Commission Recommendations

Executive/Administrative Action May Be Sufficient

Legislation Required

TSA explosives screening (p. 15)

X

Conceptual framework for screening system (p.15)

X

Avoid categorical profiling (p.16)

X

Coordination with state and local agencies on identifying terrorists (p.16)

X

Lack of integrated plan for transportation sector security (p.17)

X

Congress should set dates for integrated transportation security plan (p.17)

X

Multiple layers of security needed (p.17)

X

Advanced baggage-screening equipment (p.18)

X

Hardened cargo containers (p.18)

X

Resources, Federal Assistance, and National Standards

Priorities for defending transportation assets (p. 19)

X

Allocation of homeland security assistance (p.19)

X

Incident command system (p.20)

X

X

Ensuring communications connectivity (p.20)

X

X

Private preparedness standards (p.21)

X

Measuring success in meeting objectives (p.22)

X

Benchmarks for allocation of homeland security funds (p.22)

X

X

Remedy indemnification impediments to mutual aid (p.22)

X

Reorganizing the Intelligence Community

Establish a National Counterterrorism Center (pp.23-25)

X

Create National Intelligence Director (pp.25-29)

X

CIA priorities and emphasis (p.29)

X

Shift paramilitary operations to the Defense Department (p.30)

X

FBI national security workforce (p.30)

X

Institutionalize FBI reforms (p.31)

X

Intelligence Budgets

Declassify overall intelligence budget (p.32)

X

Information Sharing and Fusion

Incentives for information sharing (p.33)

X

9/11 Commission Recommendations

Executive/Administrative Action May Be Sufficient

Legislation Required

Create trusted information network (p.33)

X

Policy guidelines regarding information sharing (p.34)

X

Human Capital

National security appointments during transitions (p.35)

X

Threat and Risk Assessment

Assessment of Northern Command's strategies and planning on homeland security (p.36)

X

DHS assessment of threats and plans to respond (p.36)

X

Congressional Oversight

Congressional oversight (p.37)

Internal rule reforms

Security Clearances

Single agency for security clearances (p.38)

X