Macroprudential Oversight: Principles for Evaluating Policies to Assess and Mitigate Risks to Financial System Stability

Fast Facts

In response to the 2007-2009 financial crisis, Congress passed the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, which provided for a broad range of financial regulatory reforms.

The act established the Financial Stability Oversight Council to help identify and respond to emerging threats to financial stability in the U.S.—in other words, to provide "macroprudential" oversight.

We created a framework for assessing the financial stability efforts of the Council and its member agencies. For instance, the framework emphasizes the need for early action to assess and mitigate the risks of events (such as a major bank failure or a pandemic) that could disrupt the economy.

Image of Congress with money in the background.

Highlights

What GAO Found

GAO is providing a framework for evaluating macroprudential policy—that is, activities designed to assess and mitigate risks to financial system stability. The framework presents six general components of macroprudential policy and 18 principles (see table), as well as related standards, for establishing the foundation of such policy and putting it into operation. Government actors—such as the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and its member agencies—are responsible for meeting or contributing to framework principles as they relate to the actors' individual areas of macroprudential responsibility or authority. GAO refers to government actors with collective macroprudential policy responsibilities as the macroprudential entity.

GAO Framework for Evaluating Macroprudential Policy

Component	Principles The macroprudential entity should:
Mandate and scope	Have a clear mandate Have a scope of responsibilities that extends across the financial system Establish measurable and specific intermediate objectives reflecting the full scope of its responsibilities
Governance	Have a governance structure promoting willingness to mitigate risks to financial stability in a timely manner Have authorities promoting ability to act consistent with mandate and scope Have transparency requirements promoting the effectiveness, legitimacy, and predictability of macroprudential policy
Risk assessment	Establish a risk-assessment program corresponding to the scope of the financial system and the entity’s intermediate objectives Identify and analyze potential sources of systemic risk Develop criteria to evaluate significance of risk Establish policies and procedures to conduct systematic risk assessments
Risk mitigation	Develop a range of macroprudential tools consistent with mandate and scope of responsibilities Develop policies and procedures for conducting risk-mitigation activities
Evaluation	Evaluate effectiveness of its efforts Document and communicate evaluation findings and promptly remediate issues
Data and information	Use quality data Develop useful information for decision-making Document information appropriately Establish policies and procedures for sharing data and information

Source: GAO. | GAO 21 230SP

Why GAO Did This Study

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act established FSOC to identify and respond to threats to financial stability in the United States. Other countries have created similar entities, and a growing body of research has developed around these macroprudential structures and approaches. This report presents a principles-based framework to serve as criteria for assessing the financial stability efforts of FSOC and its member agencies. It is intended as a resource for GAO and other auditors, FSOC and its member agencies, and Congress. It also may be useful to others, both domestically and internationally.

In developing this framework, GAO reviewed literature on macroprudential policy, prior GAO reports, relevant laws and regulations, and international risk-management guidelines. GAO also interviewed or held discussion groups with representatives of FSOC and its member agencies; international financial stability entities, supreme audit institutions, and international organizations; public interest and industry groups; former regulators and civil servants; and academic and regulatory experts.

For more information, contact Michael E. Clements at (202) 512-8678 or ClementsM@gao.gov.

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Financial Markets and Community Investment

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Topics

Financial Markets and Institutions

Agency evaluationsCentral banksFederal assistance programsFederal deposit insuranceFederal reserve systemFinancial institutionsFinancial instrumentsFinancial researchFinancial stabilityFinancial systemsInternational financial institutionsPolicies and proceduresRisk assessment