Federal Courthouses: Actions Needed to Enhance Capital Security Program and Improve Collaboration
Highlights
What GAO Found
Three federal agencies—the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC), the U.S. Marshals Service (Marshals Service), and the Federal Protective Service (FPS)—collect information about security concerns at federal courthouses related to the agencies' respective missions. However, only AOUSC develops information that can be used to understand security concerns across the courthouse portfolio. In contrast, the Marshals Service and FPS collect information on security concerns on a building-by-building basis in varied ways, but the manner in which the information is collected prevents it from being used to understand portfolio-wide security concerns. This is inconsistent with GAO's risk management framework. Both agencies are taking steps to improve their information, but it is not clear whether these improvements will provide the portfolio-wide information stakeholders need to make risk-informed decisions.
The General Services Administration (GSA) has initiated 11 projects at 10 courthouse locations nationwide, as part of its Judiciary Capital Security Program (CSP); two projects have been completed. Local officials said that these projects have already improved or will improve security at the selected courthouses once completed. CSP improvements have been aimed at separating the paths of judges, prisoners, and the public, so that trial participants only meet in the courtroom. Transparency and collaboration issues have emerged among federal stakeholders as the program has been implemented. For example, not all key stakeholders GAO spoke to were clear on the eligibility of specific locations for CSP projects and varied in their views about how collaborative the process to select CSP projects has been. Although stakeholders have taken some steps to improve CSP transparency and collaboration as the program has evolved, some issues remain. Taking additional steps to improve documentation of decision-making and sharing this document with stakeholders could further enhance transparency and collaboration and better assure that all of the agencies and policy makers have the same understanding of how the program is supposed to work, that it is addressing the most urgent courthouse security needs, and that the expertise of all stakeholders is being used to ensure program efficiency.
GAO found that agencies could take additional actions to enhance security at federal courthouses by addressing a related GAO open recommendation, and establishing a formal mechanism such as a working group or forum to enhance coordination and information sharing. Specifically, in 2011, GAO recommended that the agencies update a 1997 memorandum of agreement to clarify their roles and responsibilities. This action has not been done although FPS has taken some steps to start the process. In addition, GAO found that GSA, AOUSC, the Marshals Service, and FPS had not routinely met to address courthouse security issues at a national level where decision-making authority exists. This lack of a formal meeting mechanism inhibits their ability to communicate regularly about their roles and responsibilities and share information about security concerns.
This is a public version of a law enforcement sensitive/limited official use report issued in October 2016.
Why GAO Did This Study
The variety of civil and criminal cases tried in 400-plus federal courthouses can pose security risks. The CSP was started in 2012 and was designed to be a less costly alternative to building new federal courthouses by adding key security features to existing courthouses. Congress has provided $20 million in obligational authority for the program in each of the fiscal years that it has been funded.
GAO was asked to review physical security at federal courthouses. This report discusses (1) the extent to which federal stakeholders have identified security concerns; (2) how the CSP addresses courthouse security concerns; and (3) what actions federal agencies could take, if any, to improve courthouse security. GAO reviewed agency documents, AOUSC security scores, and interviewed officials from the Marshals Service, FPS, GSA, and AOUSC. GAO also visited eight courthouses to include six locations selected for CSP projects, and two that were considered but not selected. Although these site visits cannot be generalized to all CSP project locations or all federal courthouses, they provide insight into federal agencies' practices to secure courthouses.
Recommendations
GAO recommends that (1) the Marshals Service and FPS improve the courthouse security information they collect; (2) GSA and AOUSC improve the CSP's transparency and collaboration through better documentation; and (3) GSA establish a working group or other forum to enhance coordination. The agencies concurred with GAO's recommendations.
Recommendations for Executive Action
Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
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Department of Justice | The Attorney General should instruct the Director of the Marshals Service to ensure that the improvements being made to the Marshals Service's information on the security concerns of individual buildings allow the Marshals Service to understand the concerns across the portfolio. |
In 2017, GAO reported that identifying security concerns at federal courthouses is critical to managing the risks to those courthouses. GAO found that the U.S. Marshals Service (Marshals Service) collects information on security concerns at federal courthouses on a building-by-building basis, but the information cannot be used to understand portfolio-wide concerns, which is inconsistent with GAO's risk management framework . Instead, the Marshals Service identifies security concerns through two types of project requests to correct deficiencies in judicial and Marshals Service space. The Marshals Service was taking steps to improve the information it collects; however, these improvements may not enable it to understand concerns portfolio-wide as defined by GAO's risk management framework. Therefore, GAO recommended that the Attorney General instruct the Director of the Marshals Service to ensure that the improvements being made to the Marshals Service's information on the security concerns of individual buildings allow the Marshals Service to understand the concerns across the portfolio. In April 2018, GAO confirmed that the Marshals Service had developed ways to analyze and compare security concerns across courthouses. First, for security concerns in judicial space (e.g., courtrooms), a newly developed tool assigns a score to each project based on a defined set of variables, and the scores are used to prioritize the security projects. Second, for security concerns in Marshals Service space (e.g., areas used to move prisoners), the agency developed an approach that involves a database that can be used to analyze security needs across courthouses and ultimately assist in prioritizing space needs and improvement projects. These new prioritization efforts will provide a greater understanding of security needs across federal courthouses, so that Marshals Service decision makers can be better equipped to make their resource decisions based on risk and urgency of need.
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Department of Homeland Security | The Secretary of Homeland Security should instruct the Director of FPS to ensure that the agency develops the capability to track the status of recommended countermeasures across the courthouse portfolio, either through FPS's planned software enhancement or other method. |
In 2017, GAO reported that the Federal Protective Service (FPS) collects information on security concerns at federal courthouses on a building-by-building basis, but the manner in which the information is collected prevents it from being used to understand portfolio-wide concerns, which is inconsistent with GAO's risk management framework. FPS collects this security information as part of its facility security assessments, which consist of identifying and assessing threats to and vulnerabilities of a facility, as well as identifying countermeasures (e.g., security equipment) best suited to mitigate vulnerabilities at the facility. FPS shares these assessments and countermeasure recommendations with each building's facility security committee, which votes on whether to approve or disapprove suggested countermeasures. At the time of GAO's review, FPS had been pursuing the capability to track the status of countermeasures in an automated way as part of initial plans for a software upgrade for its vulnerability assessment tool. However, FPS officials were not certain of when, or if, this capability would be included in the upgrade and had not developed other ways to obtain this capability. Therefore, GAO recommended that Secretary of Homeland Security instruct the Director of FPS to ensure that the agency develops the capability to track the status of recommended countermeasures across the courthouse portfolio, either through a planned software enhancement or other method. Later in 2017, GAO confirmed that FPS enhanced its assessment tool to allow the agency to conduct cross-portfolio analysis. FPS officials demonstrated to GAO that this capability is functional. FPS is able to export data results from its assessment tool, such as the status of recommended countermeasures, and can filter the data to conduct cross-portfolio analysis. FPS officials told GAO that this new capability would be useful to them and provide a greater understanding of which recommended countermeasures were consistently accepted or rejected, which could help FPS make better recommendations for federal buildings in its facility security assessments.
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General Services Administration | The Administrator of GSA and the Director of the AOUSC, on behalf of the Judicial Conference of the United States, in conjunction with the Marshals Service and FPS, should improve CSP documentation in order to improve transparency and collaboration in the CSP program. |
The variety of civil and criminal cases tried in 400-plus federal courthouses can pose security risks. The Capital Security Program (CSP) was initiated in 2012 as a way to address courthouse security deficiencies in some existing buildings where physical renovations ("brick and mortar solutions") are viable, as a less costly alternative to building new federal courthouses. Congress has provided $20 million in obligational authority for the program in each of the fiscal years that it has been funded. CSP projects are designed to physically separate the paths of judges, prisoners, and the public so that trial participants meet only in the courtroom. These projects involve collaboration among four agencies that share responsibilities for the security of federal courthouses-General Services Administration (GSA), the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC), the U.S. Marshals Service, and the Federal Protective Service (FPS). In 2017, GAO reported that while transparency and collaboration related to program execution and potential project location selections have improved, not all transparency and collaboration concerns with the program had been addressed. In particular, key stakeholders were not clear on the eligibility of particular locations for a CSP project or how to suggest locations for consideration. There continued to be a lack of clarity about how certain analysis factors were applied during the most recent round of project selection, and some stakeholders expressed a transparency concern regarding CSP costs. Finally, stakeholders held varying views about how collaborative the selection process had been. GAO's prior work has shown that effective collaboration can help maximize performance and results, particularly for issues that cut across more than one agency, as is the case with courthouse security. CSP projects involve multiple stakeholders, and projects have multiple phases, so it can be difficult to ensure that all stakeholders fully understand all program procedures. An internal control for efficient and effective operations is to ensure that all transactions and other significant events are clearly documented in a manner that allows the documentation to be readily available for examination. With clearer documentation of the process shared with all stakeholders, transparency and collaboration could also be enhanced in the CSP. Therefore, GAO recommended that the Administrator of GSA and the Director of the AOUSC improve CSP documentation, in order to improve program transparency and collaboration. In June 2018, these agencies finalized a CSP handbook, in conjunction with the U.S. Marshals Service and FPS. This handbook is intended serve as a reference guide for the program's stakeholders. It outlines how stakeholders work together, documents the selection processes, and provides a framework for understanding the execution of CSP projects once they are selected. With the creation and use of this handbook, stakeholders have both enhanced transparency and collaboration and better assured that they all have the same understanding of how the program is supposed to work, that the program is addressing the most urgent needs, and that the expertise of all government stakeholders is being used to help ensure that the program is as efficient as possible.
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Administrative Office of the United States Courts | The Administrator of GSA and the Director of the AOUSC, on behalf of the Judicial Conference of the United States, in conjunction with the Marshals Service and FPS, should improve CSP documentation in order to improve transparency and collaboration in the CSP program. |
The variety of civil and criminal cases tried in 400-plus federal courthouses can pose security risks. The Capital Security Program (CSP) was initiated in 2012 as a way to address courthouse security deficiencies in some existing buildings where physical renovations ("brick and mortar solutions") are viable, as a less costly alternative to building new federal courthouses. Congress has provided $20 million in obligational authority for the program in each of the fiscal years that it has been funded. CSP projects are designed to physically separate the paths of judges, prisoners, and the public so that trial participants meet only in the courtroom. These projects involve collaboration among four agencies that share responsibilities for the security of federal courthouses-General Services Administration (GSA), the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC), the U.S. Marshals Service, and the Federal Protective Service (FPS). In 2017, GAO reported that while transparency and collaboration related to program execution and potential project location selections have improved, not all transparency and collaboration concerns with the program had been addressed. In particular, key stakeholders were not clear on the eligibility of particular locations for a CSP project or how to suggest locations for consideration. There continued to be a lack of clarity about how certain analysis factors were applied during the most recent round of project selection, and some stakeholders expressed a transparency concern regarding CSP costs. Finally, stakeholders held varying views about how collaborative the selection process had been. GAO's prior work has shown that effective collaboration can help maximize performance and results, particularly for issues that cut across more than one agency, as is the case with courthouse security. CSP projects involve multiple stakeholders, and projects have multiple phases, so it can be difficult to ensure that all stakeholders fully understand all program procedures. An internal control for efficient and effective operations is to ensure that all transactions and other significant events are clearly documented in a manner that allows the documentation to be readily available for examination. With clearer documentation of the process shared with all stakeholders, transparency and collaboration could also be enhanced in the CSP. Therefore, GAO recommended that the Administrator of GSA and the Director of the AOUSC improve CSP documentation, in order to improve program transparency and collaboration. In June 2018, these agencies finalized a CSP handbook, in conjunction with the U.S. Marshals Service and FPS. This handbook is intended serve as a reference guide for the program's stakeholders. It outlines how stakeholders work together, documents the selection processes, and provides a framework for understanding the execution of CSP projects once they are selected. With the creation and use of this handbook, stakeholders have both enhanced transparency and collaboration and better assured that they all have the same understanding of how the program is supposed to work, that the program is addressing the most urgent needs, and that the expertise of all government stakeholders is being used to help ensure that the program is as efficient as possible.
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General Services Administration | The Administrator of GSA--in conjunction with AOUSC, the Marshals Service, and FPS--should establish a national-level working group or similar forum, consisting of leadership designees with decision-making authority, to meet regularly to address courthouse security issues. |
Four federal agencies--GSA, AOUSC, the Marshals Service, and FPS--share responsibilities for the security of federal courthouses. GAO has previously reported that these agencies have faced challenges in implementing assigned responsibilities when addressing the demands of the complex environment of courthouse security. In 2017, GAO reported that these agencies did not have a structure for comprehensively addressing courthouse security issues, which inhibits their ability to communicate regularly about their roles and responsibilities and share information about security concerns. Specifically, the agencies did not routinely meet to address courthouse security issues at a national level where decision-making authority exists. A GSA official told GAO that when the four agencies did meet, the meeting was very productive. Marshals Service and AOUSC officials said that there was no working group or forum where the four agencies could discuss issues relevant to courthouse security at the national level where decision-making authority exists. GAO has previously identified interagency working groups as one of the collaboration mechanisms used by agencies to coordinate activities. Also, national level coordination and cooperation in protecting critical infrastructure is a key policy emphasis of the federal government and consistent with federal directives that have prioritized the protection of federal facilities, such as courthouses. Therefore, GAO recommended that the Administrator of GSA-in conjunction with AOUSC, the Marshals Service, and FPS-establish a national-level working group or similar forum, consisting of leadership designees with decision-making authority, to meet regularly to address courthouse security issues. In June 2018, GAO confirmed that these agencies had established a national-level forum for courthouse security, known as the Interagency Judicial Security Council. According to documentation and other information shared by agency officials, the agencies began convening the council in the fall of 2017 and established a formal structure over the next several months. The council is chaired by the AOUSC and consists of senior executives from each agency who make decisions about courthouse security, as well as other subject-matter experts from each agency. The Interagency Judicial Security Council includes three levels: leadership, a steering committee, and several working groups that address topics such as construction and facilities projects and facility security assessments. The council established a regular meeting schedule and is working to finalize a charter. With the establishment of the council, the four agencies will be better positioned to comprehensively share information and address the challenges that affect courthouse security.
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