Skip to main content

Ford-Class Aircraft Carrier: Congress Should Consider Revising Cost Cap Legislation to Include All Construction Costs

GAO-15-22 Published: Nov 20, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 20, 2014.
Jump To:
Skip to Highlights

Highlights

What GAO Found

The extent to which the lead Ford-class ship, CVN 78, will be delivered by its current March 2016 delivery date and within the Navy's $12.9 billion estimate is dependent on the Navy's plan to defer work and costs to the post-delivery period. Lagging construction progress as well as ongoing issues with key technologies further exacerbate an already compressed schedule and create further cost and schedule risks. With the shipbuilder embarking on one of the most complex phases of construction with the greatest likelihood for cost growth, cost increases beyond the current $12.9 billion cost cap appear likely. In response, the Navy is deferring some work until after ship delivery to create a funding reserve to pay for any additional cost growth stemming from remaining construction risks. This strategy will result in the need for additional funding later, which the Navy plans to request through its post-delivery and outfitting budget account. However, this approach obscures visibility into the true cost of the ship and results in delivering a ship that is less complete than initially planned.

CVN 78 will deploy without demonstrating full operational capabilities because it cannot achieve certain key requirements according to its current test schedule. Key requirements—such as increasing aircraft launch and recovery rates—will likely not be met before the ship is deployment ready and could limit ship operations. Further, CVN 78 will not meet a requirement that allows for increases to the size of the crew over the service life of the ship. In fact, the ship may not even be able to accommodate the likely need for additional crew to operate the ship without operational tradeoffs. Since GAO's last report in September 2013, post-delivery plans to test CVN 78's capabilities have become more compressed, further increasing the likelihood that CVN 78 will not deploy as scheduled or will deploy without fully tested systems.

The Navy is implementing steps to achieve the $11.5 billion congressional cost cap for the second ship, CVN 79, but these are largely based on ambitious efficiency gains and reducing a significant amount of construction, installation, and testing—work traditionally completed prior to ship delivery. Since GAO last reported in September 2013, the Navy extended CVN 79's construction preparation contract to allow additional time for the shipbuilder to reduce cost risks and incorporate lessons learned from construction of CVN 78. At the same time, the Navy continues to revise its acquisition strategy for CVN 79 in an effort to ensure that costs do not exceed the cost cap, by postponing installation of some systems until after ship delivery, and deferring an estimated $200 million - $250 million in previously planned capability upgrades of the ship's combat systems to be completed well after the ship is operational. Further, if CVN 79 construction costs should grow above the legislated cost cap, the Navy may choose to use funding intended for work to complete the ship after delivery to cover construction cost increases. As with CVN 78, the Navy could choose to request additional funding through post-delivery budget accounts not included in calculating the ship's end cost. Navy officials view this as an approach to managing the cost cap. However, doing so impairs accountability for actual ship costs.

Why GAO Did This Study

Ford-class aircraft carriers will feature new technologies designed to reduce life-cycle costs. The lead ship, CVN 78, has been under construction since 2008, and early construction on CVN 79 is underway. In 2007 Congress established a cap for procurement costs—which has been adjusted over time. In September 2013, GAO reported on a $2.3 billion increase in CVN 78 construction costs.

GAO was mandated to examine risks in the CVN 78 program since its September 2013 report. This report assesses (1) the extent to which CVN 78 will be delivered within revised cost and schedule goals; (2) if CVN 78 will demonstrate its required capabilities before ship deployment; and (3) the steps the Navy is taking to achieve CVN 79 cost goals. To perform this work, GAO analyzed Navy and contractor data, and scheduling best practices.

Recommendations

Congress should consider revising the cost cap legislation to improve accountability of Ford-class construction costs, by requiring that all work included in the initial ship cost estimate is counted against the cost cap. If warranted, the Navy would be required to seek statutory authority to increase the cap. GAO is not making new recommendations, but believes previous recommendations, including a re-examination of requirements and improvements to the test plan, remain valid. DOD agreed with much of the report, but disagreed with GAO's position on the cost caps. GAO believes that changes to the legislation are warranted to improve cost accountability.

Matter for Congressional Consideration

Matter Status Comments
The legislated cost cap for Ford-class aircraft carrier construction provides a limit on procurement funds. However, the legislation also provides for adjustments to the cost cap. To understand the true cost of each Ford-class ship, Congress should consider revising the cost cap legislation to ensure that all work included in the initial ship cost estimate that is deferred to post-delivery and outfitting account is counted against the cost cap. If warranted, the Navy would be required to seek statutory authority to increase the cap.
Closed – Not Implemented
We are closing this matter for congressional consideration because no action has been taken to amend the cost cap legislation for Ford class of aircraft carriers since we issued the report in November 2014. The lead ship--CVN 78--has been delivered and CVN 79 is over 35 percent complete. The fiscal year 2018 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L 115-91) did not amend the current cost cap legislation, and the current version of the fiscal year 2019 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R 5515) does not amend it either. However, in May 2018 the Secretary of the Navy informed Congress that the Navy has breached the cost cap for CVN 78 and that he was using his authority to increase the cap $120 million from $12.907 billion to $13.027 billion. The extra funding will be used to address issues with the Advanced Weapons Elevators ($90 million) and emergent requirements identified from testing ($30 million)--work that the Navy is completing in post-delivery.

Full Report

GAO Contacts

Office of Public Affairs

Topics

AccountabilityAircraftConstruction contractsConstruction costsCost analysisDefense cost controlDevelopmental testingLegislationMilitary appropriationsMilitary forcesMilitary vesselsNaval procurementOperational testingSchedule slippagesShipsStrategic planningBest practicesLife cycle costsCost estimatesCombat systems