Charter Schools: Guidance Needed for Military Base Schools on Startup and Operational Issues
Highlights
What GAO Found
Eight charter schools were located on domestic military bases and one charter school was being developed on a base at the time of GAO's review. The military base charter schools differed in their academic focuses and served militaryconnected students to different degrees. For example, one school focused on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics while another used the arts to teach all subjects. Enrollment of military-connected students at these base charter schools ranged from 42 percent to 90 percent, and three schools used preferences to ensure a higher proportion of these students. For example, one charter school with a stated mission of educating military-connected children gave first preference to children of active-duty personnel, who represented the preponderance of enrolled students. The schools were established to address different interests, including family perceptions about the quality of education in local school districts and military officials' need to attract and retain military families to bases. In some instances the impetus for establishing a charter school on a military base originated with private entities. For example, a private developer hired to build housing on the base worked with a charter management organization to develop a charter school they thought would make living on the base more attractive to military families.
Charter school officials cited several challenges to starting up and operating on military bases, such as using enrollment preferences for military-connected students, providing civilian access to schools, and obtaining facilities. Most states require schools to be open to all students, and when organizers of one school sought to enroll solely military-connected students, state law prohibited this because of the state's open enrollment requirements. Some states have changed or interpreted their charter school laws to enable schools to give enrollment preference to military-connected students. Furthermore, two charter schools that have enrollment preferences for military-connected students have received Department of Education (Education) Charter Schools Program (CSP) grants, which require charter schools to provide all students an equal opportunity to attend the school and admit students by lottery if there are more applicants than spaces available. Although these military base charter schools have received these grants, Education has expressed concern that the use of such enrollment preferences would violate CSP program requirements. Charter schools have also encountered operational challenges. For example, access for civilians can be difficult. Nearly all the military base charter schools were located behind the base's security gate, requiring civilians to complete a background check and show a pass. Several school officials reported difficulties conducting school activities such as open houses and sporting events because each base had a limit on the number of security passes for civilians. Like other charter schools, military base charter school officials also reported obstacles to obtaining facilities, such as financing. However, they also encountered unique challenges, such as complex military facility and land leases. Several school and military base officials said that having guidance and more information sharing could help with startup and operational challenges charter schools on military bases face. However, there is currently little guidance or information sharing about military base charter schools.
Why GAO Did This Study
Many families struggle to balance their job demands with ensuring that their children have access to a high-quality education, and for military families this struggle can be exacerbated by the highly mobile nature of their service. Family concerns about education affect readiness and retention of military personnel, according to the Department of Defense (DOD). The majority of children of military families in the United States attend public schools. A 2008 DOD study recommended offering military families a public charter school option in areas with poorly-performing local schools. In response to a directive in a House Appropriations Committee report, GAO examined: (1) the characteristics and origins of charter schools on military installations, and (2) the challenges charter schools on military installations have faced in starting up and continuing their operations.
To conduct this review, GAO interviewed officials in the eight charter schools on domestic military bases and one school being planned; visited two schools; interviewed Education and DOD officials; and reviewed relevant federal and state laws, federal regulations and guidance, and school, federal agency, and other documents.
Recommendations
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Department of Education | To ensure that Charter Schools Program grants are provided only to schools that meet eligibility criteria, the Secretary of Education should direct the Charter Schools Program office to revise the Charter Schools Program guidance to clarify CSP grant requirements regarding charter school enrollment preferences, including preferences for military-connected students, such as whether schools can hold separate lotteries for military-connected and civilian students and the extent to which schools can enroll military-connected students under work-site exemptions. |
In January 2014, the Department of Education issued updated non-regulatory guidance that clarifies charter school lottery requirements for charter schools that receive federal CSP funds. The guidance describes the limited circumstances under which charter schools receiving CSP funds may use weighted lotteries in admissions and provides guidance on how existing grantees may request permission to amend their applications to allow for the use of weighted lotteries. While the non-regulatory guidance does not specifically refer to charter schools located on military bases, it states that weighted lotteries may not be used for the purpose of creating schools exclusively to serve a particular subset of students and strongly encourages charter schools that use weighted lotteries to do so as part of a broader strategy that includes fulfillment of their existing responsibilities related to outreach, recruitment, and retention for all students, including educationally disadvantaged students.
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| Department of Education | To ensure that Charter Schools Program grants are provided only to schools that meet eligibility criteria, the Secretary of Education should direct the Charter Schools Program office to revise the Charter Schools Program guidance to require applicants for CSP grants and subgrants to describe any enrollment preferences in their applications. |
In January 2014, the Department of Education issued updated non-regulatory guidance that clarifies charter school lottery requirements--the primary means by which charter schools exercise enrollment preferences--for charter schools that receive federal CSP funds. The guidance describes the limited circumstances under which charter schools receiving CSP funds may use weighted lotteries in admissions and provides guidance on how grantees may apply for permission to use weighted lotteries or request permission to amend current applications to allow for the use of weighted lotteries. More specifically, the updated guidance requires existing grant recipients to seek approval for using weighted lotteries by providing information on the circumstances in which the weighted lottery would be used, evidence that it is necessary to comply with federal or state law or state requirements, and the mechanisms that exist for oversight of lottery practices, among other things. Furthermore, according to Education's guidance, applicants for future grant competitions should provide the same information about any proposed weighted lotteries in grant applications as well.
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| Department of Defense | To address the specific needs of military communities that charter schools on bases serve while preserving the public mission of charter schools, the Secretary of Defense should develop and set standards for operating charter schools on military bases and require the appropriate military services to create guidance based on those standards. The guidance should describe the requirements and allowable practices for establishing and operating charter schools on military bases. At a minimum, this guidance should address the appropriate role of military base command and other DOD offices and agencies in supporting the creation and operation of charter schools. |
DOD has issued final standards for establishing and operating charter schools on military bases. The guide includes the standards and guidance for the involvement of DoD staff in both their professional and personal capactities in charter school planning and operations. DoD uses examples from existing charter schools on military bases to illustrate how selected standards and guidance look in practice. The standards are contained in a planning guide that provides an overview of charter school history that features an explanation of key terms and concepts. The planning guide also includes a brief overview of the currently operating charter schools on military bases.
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| Department of Defense | To address the specific needs of military communities that charter schools on bases serve while preserving the public mission of charter schools, the Secretary of Defense should develop and set standards for operating charter schools on military bases and require the appropriate military services to create guidance based on those standards. The guidance should describe the requirements and allowable practices for establishing and operating charter schools on military bases. At a minimum, this guidance should address reasonable base access and security arrangements for civilian children, parents, and others involved in a military base charter school. |
In 2015, DOD published on its website a guide, "Charter Schools on Military Installations: A Planning Guide" that contains five DOD-recommended standards for establishing and operating charter schools on military bases. These standards address key issues in starting a new charter school, including base access and security arrangements for civilians. In June 2017, DOD noted that the 2015 guidance, in conjunction with a DOD Directive ("Support for Non-Federal Entities Authorized to Operate on DoD Installations") and DOD Instruction ("Procedures and Support for Non-Federal Entities to Operate on DoD Installations"), provide the authorities to provide access to DoD Installations and provide space and support services that would be needed to operate a charter school on an installation.
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| Department of Defense | To address the specific needs of military communities that charter schools on bases serve while preserving the public mission of charter schools, the Secretary of Defense should develop and set standards for operating charter schools on military bases and require the appropriate military services to create guidance based on those standards. The guidance should describe the requirements and allowable practices for establishing and operating charter schools on military bases. At a minimum, this guidance should address military lease arrangements and other property-related issues for a charter school on a base. |
DoD has released a planning guide to guide the establishment and operation of charter schools on military bases. The guide features DoD-recommended standards for a variety of areas, including a standard addressing facility use on military installations. This standard includes informaton relevant to leasing facilitaties or land and construction and renovation of school facilities.
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| Department of Education | To serve as a resource for military base communities exploring educational options, as stated in their 2008 Memorandum of Understanding, the Secretaries of DOD and Education should facilitate the sharing of information among interested parties such as base commanders and school planners and officials on how military base charter schools have addressed startup and operational challenges. |
In September 2014, the Department of Education published a toolkit, "Charter Schools and Military Communities," which provides information on charter schools that should be useful to military base commanders, school planners, and others involved in starting a charter school on a military base. The toolkit provides detailed information primarily on charter school startup, with less of a focus on operational issues. The toolkit also provides links to external resources relevant to starting up and operating a charter school. The toolkit is available on a website funded by the U.S. Department of Education. Also, in December 2014, ED published a newsletter featuring an article on charter schools serving military families (http://www.charterschoolcenter.org/newsletter/december-2014-charter-schools-serving-military-families). In addition, DoDEA published a planning guide for charter schools on military installations (http://www.dodea.edu/Partnership/upload/CharterSchools_Jan2015.pdf).
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| Department of Defense | To serve as a resource for military base communities exploring educational options, as stated in their 2008 Memorandum of Understanding, the Secretaries of DOD and Education should facilitate the sharing of information among interested parties such as base commanders and school planners and officials on how military base charter schools have addressed startup and operational challenges. |
The DOD's educational partnership website has a dedicated-charter school page that shares resources about charter schools, including the DOD-recommended standards for establishing military base charter schools and links to the Department of Education's 2014 toolkit "Charter Schools and Military Communities: A Toolkit" and other resources. The website also features information about currently operating charter schools on military bases as well as contact information for senior liaison officers who are the primary point of contact on bases for school-related matters. The resources shared on the website and the links to external organizations provide information for military personnel, parents, and students on how military base charter schools have addressed startup challenges as well as provides DOD standards, guidance, and resources for those who wish to establish charter schools on bases.
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