This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-09-348SP entitled 'Hospital Emergency Departments: Bibliography' which was released on June 1, 2009. This text file was formatted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to be accessible to users with visual impairments, as part of a longer term project to improve GAO products' accessibility. Every attempt has been made to maintain the structural and data integrity of the original printed product. Accessibility features, such as text descriptions of tables, consecutively numbered footnotes placed at the end of the file, and the text of agency comment letters, are provided but may not exactly duplicate the presentation or format of the printed version. The portable document format (PDF) file is an exact electronic replica of the printed version. We welcome your feedback. Please E-mail your comments regarding the contents or accessibility features of this document to Webmaster@gao.gov. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. Because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. GAO-09-348SP: United States Government Accountability Office: Washington, DC 20548: Hospital Emergency Departments: Bibliography (GAO-09-348SP, April 30, 2009), an E-supplement to GAO-09-347: Read the Full Report: Hospital Emergency Departments: Crowding Continues to Occur, and Some Patients Wait Longer than Recommended Time Frames (GAO-09-347, April 30, 2009). This document presents a bibliography of a literature review conducted as part of our work on emergency department crowding (GAO-09-347). As part of our work to analyze and report on information made available since 2003 about (1) three indicators of emergency department crowding- -ambulance diversion, wait times, and patient boarding,[Footnote 1] and (2) factors that contribute to emergency department crowding, we conducted a literature review of 197 articles, including articles published in peer-reviewed and other periodicals, publications from professional, research, and other organizations, and reports issued by federal and state agencies. In examining the information made available since 2003 about indicators of crowding during our literature review, we also analyzed articles for what was reported on the effect of crowding on patient quality of care and proposed strategies to address crowding. In order to obtain these articles, we conducted structured searches of 16 research databases and obtained articles identified as a result of interviews with federal officials, professional and research organizations, and subject-matter experts, and through searches of related Web sites.[Footnote 2] We reviewed 197 articles, publications, and reports (which we call articles) on emergency department crowding published on or between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2008. This e-supplement lists each article we reviewed for this engagement and is arranged in four separate sections based on the type of article: (1) articles reporting results of quantitative analysis, (2) commentaries, (3) articles reporting on literature reviews, or (4) other articles, which include articles published on or between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2008, that were identified as a result of our interviews with federal officials, professional and research organizations, and subject-matter experts. This fourth category, "other articles," includes articles that are published by professional associations to report results of their surveys. Additional information about the methodology used in the literature review is contained in our report, Hospital Emergency Departments: Crowding Continues to Occur, and Some Patients Wait Longer than Recommended Time Frames (GAO-09-347). Each section of articles is alphabetized by the author's last name or by the title of the article if there is no author. We conducted this performance audit from May 2008 through April 2009 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. If you have questions concerning this bibliography, please contact Marcia Crosse at (202) 512-7114 or crossem@gao.gov. Contents: Articles Reporting Results of Quantitative Analysis (80 articles): Commentaries (64 articles): Articles Reporting on Literature Reviews (8 articles): Other Articles (45 articles): [End of section] Articles Reporting on Quantitative Analysis (80 articles): Asamoah, O. K., S. J. Weiss, A. A. Ernst, M. Richards, and D. P. Skylar. "A Novel Diversion Protocol Dramatically Reduces Diversion Hours." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 26, no. 6 (2008): 670-75. Asaro, P. V., L. M. Lewis, and S. B. Boxerman. "Emergency Department Overcrowding: Analysis of the Factors of Renege Rate." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 2 (2007): 157-62. Asaro, P. V., L. M. Lewis, and S. B. Boxerman. "The Impact of Input and Output Factors on Emergency Department Throughput." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 3 (2007): 235-42. Ballard, D. W., R. W. Derlet, B. A. Rich, and R. A. Lowe. "EMTALA, Two Decades Later: A Descriptive Review of Fiscal Year 2000 Violations." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 24, no. 2 (2006): 197-205. Baumann, M. R., and T.D. Strout. "Evaluation of the Emergency Severity Index (Version 3) Triage Algorithm in Pediatric Patients." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 12, no. 3 (2005): 219-24. Bayley, M. D., J. S. Schwartz, F. S. Shofer, M. Weiner, F. D. Sites, K. B. Traber, and J. E. Hollander. "The Financial Burden of Emergency Department Congestion and Hospital Crowding for Chest Pain Patients Awaiting Admission." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2 (2005): 110-17. Begley, C. E., Y. Chang, R. C. Wood, and A. Weltge. "Emergency Department Diversion and Trauma Mortality: Evidence from Houston, Texas." Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 57, no. 6 (2004): 1260-65. Bernstein, S. L., V. Verghese, W. Leung, A. T. Lunney, and I. Perez. "Development and Validation of a New Index to Measure Emergency Department Crowding." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 9 (2003): 938-42. Boudreaux, E. D., C. V. Mandry, and K. Wood. "Patient Satisfaction Data as a Quality Indicator: A Tale of Two Emergency Departments." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 3 (2003): 261-68. Bourgeois, F. T., and M. W. Shannon. "Emergency Care for Children in Pediatric and General Emergency Departments." Pediatric Emergency Care, vol. 23, no. 2 (2007): 94-102. Brosseau, D. C., J. Bergholte, and M. H. Gorelick. "The Effect of Prior Interactions With a Primary Care Provider on Nonurgent Pediatric Emergency Department Use." Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, vol. 158, no. 1 (2004): 78-82. Burt, C. W., L. F. McCaig, and R. H. Valverde. "Analysis of Ambulance Transports and Diversions Among US Emergency Departments." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 47, no. 4 (2006): 317-26. Chalfin, D. B., S. Trzeciak, A. Likourezos, B. M. Baumann, and R. P. Dellinger. "Impact of Delayed Transfer of Critically Ill Patients From the Emergency Department to the Intensive Care Unit." Critical Care Medicine, vol. 35, no. 6 (2007): 1477-83. Chan, T. C., J. P. Killeen, D. Kelly, and D. A. Guss. "Impact of Rapid Entry and Accelerated Care at Triage on Reducing Emergency Department Patient Wait Times, Lengths of Stay, and Rate of Left Without Being Seen." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 46, no. 6 (2005): 491-97. Chen, E. H., A. M. Mills, B. Y. Lee, J. L. Robey, K. E. Zogby, F. S. Shofer, P. M. Reilly, and J. E. Hollander. "The Impact of a Concurrent Trauma Alert Evaluation on Time to Head Computed Tomography in Patients with Suspected Stroke." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 3 (2006): 349-52. Chia, W. T., Y. S. Chen, C. F. Lin, H. H. Lie, and B. F. Lin. "Difference in Time to X Ray with Similar Time to Treatment Decision Leads to Differences in Waiting Times of Patients with Hip Fracture in a Crowded Emergency Department." Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 25, no. 5 (2008): 274-275. Ding, R., J. J. Jung, T. D. Kirsch, F. Levy, and M. L. McCarthy. "Uncompleted Emergency Department Care: Patients Who Leave Against Medical Advice." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 10 (2007): 870-76. Epps, C. D., L. J. Ware, and A. Packard. "Ethnic Wait Time Differences in Analgesic Administration in the Emergency Department." Pain Management Nursing, vol. 9, no. 1 (2008): 26-32. Epstein, S. K., and L. Tian. "Development of an Emergency Department Work Score to Predict Ambulance Diversion." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 4 (2006): 421-26. Falvo, T., L. Grove, R. Stachura, and W. Zirkin. "The Financial Impact of Ambulance Diversion and Patient Elopements." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1 (2007): 58-62. Falvo, T., L. Grove, R. Stachura, D. Vega, R. Stike, M. Schlenker, and W. Zirkin. "The Opportunity Loss of Boarding Admitted Patients in the Emergency Department." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4 (2007): 332-37. Fee, C., E. J. Weber, C. A. Maak, and P. Bacchetti. "Effect of Emergency Department Crowding on Time to Antibiotics in Patients Admitted with Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 50, no. 5 (2007): 501-09. Flottemesch, T. J., B. D. Gordon, and S. S. Jones. "Advanced Statistics: Developing a Formal Model of Emergency Department Census and Defining Operational Efficiency." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 9 (2007): 799-809. Garson, C., J. E. Hollander, K. V. Rhodes, F. S. Shofer, W. G. Baxt, and J. M. Pines. "Emergency Department Patient Preferences for Boarding Locations When Hospitals Are at Full Capacity." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1 (2008): 9-12. Green, L. V., J. Soares, J. F. Giglio, and R. A. Green. "Using Queueing Theory to Increase the Effectiveness of Emergency Department Provider Staffing." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1 (2006): 61-68. Han, J. H., C. Zhou, D. J. France, S. Zhong, I. Jones, A. B. Storrow, and D. Aronsky. "The Effect of Emergency Department Expansion on Emergency Department Crowding." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4 (2007): 338-43. Hoot, N. R., L. J. LeBlanc, I. Jones, S. R. Levin, C. Zhou, C. S. Gadd, and D. Aronsky. "Forecasting Emergency Department Crowding: A Discreet Event Simulation." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 52, no. 2 (2008): 116-25. Hoot, N. R., C. Zhou, I. Jones, and D. Aronsky. "Measuring and Forecasting Emergency Department Crowding in Real Time." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 49, no. 6 (2007): 747-55. Howard, M. S., B. A. Davis, C. Anderson, D. Cherry, P. Koller, and D. Shelton. "Patients' Perspective for Choosing the Emergency Department for Nonurgent Medical Care: A Qualitative Study Exploring One Reason for Overcrowding." Journal of Emergency Nursing, vol. 31, no. 5 (2005): 429-35. Hwang, U., L. D. Richardson, T. O. Sonuyi, and R. S. Morrison. "The Effect of Emergency Department Crowding on the Management of Pain in Older Adults With Hip Fracture." Journal of American Geriatric Society, vol. 54, no. 2 (2006): 270-75. Jones, S. S., T. L. Allen, T. J. Flottemesch, and S. J. Welch. "An Independent Evaluation of Four Quantitative Emergency Department Crowding Scales." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 11 (2006): 1204-11. Kennedy, J., K. Rhodes, C. A. Walls, B. R. Asplin. "Access to Emergency Care: Restricted by Long Waiting Times and Cost and Coverage Concerns." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 43, no. 5 (2004): 567-73. Khaleghi, M., A. Loh, D. Vroman, T. C. Chan, and G. M. Vilke. "The Effects of Minimizing Ambulance Diversion Hours on Emergency Departments." Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2 (2007): 155- 59. Koran, Z. "The Impact of an Admission Unit on Failure-and Late-to- Rescue Rates in the Emergency Department." Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, vol. 29, no. 4 (2007): 339-45. Lagoe, R. J., J. C. Kohlbrenner, L. D. Hall, M. Roizen, P. A. Nadle, and R. C. Hunt. "Reducing Ambulance Diversion: A Multihospital Approach." Prehospital Emergency Care, vol. 7, no. 1 (2003): 99-108. Lambe, S., D. L. Washington, A. Fink, M. Laouri, H. Liu, J. S. Fosse, R. H. Brook, and S. M. Asch. "Waiting Times in California's Emergency Departments." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 41, no. 1 (2003): 35- 44. Lee, K., and L. Davenport. "Can Case Management Interventions Reduce the Number of Emergency Department Visits by Frequent Users?" The Health Care Manager, vol. 25, no. 2 (2006): 155-59. Lee-Lewandrowski, E., D. Corboy, K. Lewandrowski, J. Sinclair, S. McDermot, and T. I. Benzer. "Implementation of a Point-of-Care Satellite Laboratory in the Emergency Department of an Academic Medical Center: Impact on Test Turnaround Time and Patient Emergency Department Length of Stay." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 127, no. 4 (2003): 456-60. Liu, S., C. Hobgood, and J. H. Brice. "Impact of Critical Bed Status on Emergency Department Patient Flow and Overcrowding." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 4 (2003): 382-85. McCarthy, M. L., D. Aronsky, I. D. Jones, J. R. Miner, R. A. Band, J. M. Baren, J. S. Desmond, K. M. Baumlin, R. Ding, and R. Shesser. "The Emergency Department Occupancy Rate: A Simple Measure of Emergency Department Crowding?" Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1 (2008): 15-24. McCarthy, M. L., A. D. Shore, G. Li, J. New, J. J. Scheulen, N. Tang, R. Collela, and G. D. Kelen. "Likelihood of Reroute During Ambulance Diversion Periods in Central Maryland." Prehospital Emergency Care, vol. 11, no. 4 (2007): 408-15. McConnell, K. J., C. F. Richards, M. Daya, S. L. Bernell, C. C. Weathers, R. A. Lowe. "Effect of Increased ICU Capacity on Emergency Department Length of Stay and Ambulance Diversion." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 45, no. 5 (2005): 471-78. McConnell, K. J., C. F. Richards, M. Daya, C. C. Weathers, and R. A. Lowe. "Ambulance Diversion and Lost Hospital Revenues." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 48, no. 6 (2006): 702-10. McMullan J. T., and F. H. Veser. "Emergency Department Volume and Acuity as Factors in Patients Leaving Without Treatment." Southern Medical Journal, vol. 97, no. 8 (2004): 729-33. Meisel, Z. F., C. V. Pollack, C. C. Mechem, and J. M. Pines. "Derivation and Internal Validation of a Rule to Predict Hospital Admission in Prehospital Patients." Prehospital Emergency Care, vol. 12, no. 3 (2008): 314-19. Mohanty, S. A., D. L. Washington, S. Lambe, A. Fink, and S. M. Asch. "Predictors of On-call Specialist Response in California Emergency Departments." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 5 (2006): 505- 12. Patel, P. B., R. W. Derlet, D. R. Vinson, M. Williams, and J. Wills. "Ambulance Diversion Reduction: the Sacramento Solution." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 24, no. 2 (2006): 206-13. Patel, P. B., and D. R. Vinson. "Team Assignment System: Expediting Emergency Department Care." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 46, no. 6 (2005): 499-506. Pines, J. M., C. Garson, W. G. Baxt, K. V. Rhodes, F. S. Shofer, and J. E. Hollander. "ED Crowding is Associated with Variable Perceptions of Care Compromise." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 12 (2007): 1176-81. Pines, J. M., and J. E. Hollander. "Emergency Department Crowding is Associated With Poor Care for Patients With Severe Pain." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1 (2008): 1-5. Pines, J. M., J. E. Hollander, A. R. Localio, and J. P. Metlay. "The Association Between Emergency Department Crowding and Hospital Performance on Antibiotic Timing for Pneumonia and Percutaneous Intervention for Myocardial Infarction." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 8 (2006): 873-78. Pines, J. M., A. R. Localio, J. E. Hollander, W. G. Baxt, H. Lee, C. Phillipps, and J. P. Metlay. "The Impact of Emergency Department Crowding Measures on Time to Antibiotics for Patients with Community- Acquired Pneumonia." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 50, no. 5 (2007): 510-16. Polevoi, S. K., J. V. Quinn, and N. R. Kramer. "Factors Associated With Patients Who Leave Without Being Seen." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 12, no. 3 (2005): 232-36. Quinn, J. V., S. V. Mahadevan, G. Eggers, H. Ouyang, and R. Norris. "Effects of Implementing a Rapid Admission Policy in the ED." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 25, no. 5 (2007): 559-63. Rathlev, N. K., J. Chessare, J. Olshaker, D. Obendorfer, S. D. Mehta, T. Rothenhaus, S. Crespo, et al. "Time Series Analysis of Variables Associated with Daily Mean Emergency Department Length of Stay." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 49, no. 3 (2007): 265-71. Reeder, T. J., D. L. Burleson, and H. G. Garrison. "The Overcrowded Emergency Department: A Comparison of Staff Perceptions." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 10, no. 10 (2003): 1059-64. Richards, M. E., M. W. Hubble, and C. Crandall. "Influence of Ambulance Arrival on Emergency Department Time to Be Seen." Prehospital Emergency Care, vol. 10, no. 4 (2006): 440-46. Roberts, D. C., M. P. McKay, and A. Shaffer. "Increasing Rates of Emergency Department Visits for Elderly Patients in the United States, 1993 to 2003." Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 51, no. 6 (2008): 169- 74. Rudkin, S. E., J. Oman, M. I. Langdorf, M. Hill, J. Bauche, P. Kivela, and L. Johnson. "The State of ED On-Call Coverage in California." American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 22, no. 7 (2004): 575-81. Ruger, J. P., C. J. Richter, and L. M. Lewis. "Clinical and Economic Factors Associated with Ambulance Use to the Emergency Department." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, no. 8 (2006): 879-85. Ruger, J. P., C. J. Richter, E. L. Spitznagel, and L. M. Lewis. "Analysis of Costs, Length of Stay, and Utilization of Emergency Department Services by Frequent Users: Implications for Health Policy." Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 11, no. 12 (2004): 1311-17. Sanchez, M., A. J. Smally, R. J. Grant, and L. M. Jacobs. "Effects of a Fast-track Area on Emergency Department Performance." The Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1 (2006): 117-20. Sedlak, S. K., and A. Roberts. "Implementation of Best Practices to Reduce Overall Emergency Department Length of Stay." Topics in Emergency Medicine, vol. 26, no. 4 (2004): 312-21. Shah, M. N., R. J. Fairbanks, C. L. Maddow, E. B. Lerner, J. I. Syrett, E. A. Davis, and S. M. Schneider. 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Nguyen, Bursting at the Seams. Improving Patient Flow to Help America's Emergency Departments. Washington, D.C.: Urgent Matters, 2004. [hyperlink, http://www.urgentmatters.org/reports/UM_WhitePaper_BurstingAtTheSeams.pd f] (accessed on Sept. 30, 2008). Wilson, M. J., B. Siegel, and M. Williams. Perfecting Patient Flow. America's Safety Net Hospitals and Emergency Department Crowding. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Public Hospitals and Health Systems, 2005. [End of section] Footnotes: [1] Boarding in the emergency department refers to a patient remaining in the emergency department after the decision to admit to the hospital or transfer the patient to another facility has been made. [2] We did not include articles that were published outside of the United States, used subjects or data from outside the United States, were only available in an abstract form, focused on issues other than day-to-day emergency department operations, or were unrelated to emergency department crowding. [End of section] GAO's Mission: The Government Accountability Office, the audit, evaluation and investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and accountability of the federal government for the American people. GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions. GAO's commitment to good government is reflected in its core values of accountability, integrity, and reliability. 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