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United States Government Accountability Office: 
GAO: 

Report to Congressional Committees: 

June 2012: 

Employment for People with Disabilities: 

Little Is Known about the Effectiveness of Fragmented and Overlapping 
Programs: 

GAO-12-677: 

GAO Highlights: 

Highlights of GAO-12-677, a report to congressional committees. 

Why GAO Did This Study: 

Many federal programs—within the Departments of Education, Labor, and 
Veterans Affairs; the Social Security Administration; and other 
agencies—help people with disabilities overcome barriers to 
employment. Section 21 of Pub. L. No. 111-139 requires GAO to identify 
and report annually on programs, agencies, offices, and initiatives 
that have duplicative goals or activities. GAO examined the extent to 
which programs that support employment for people with disabilities 
(1) provide similar services to similar populations and (2) measure 
effectiveness. GAO identified programs by searching the Catalog of 
Federal Domestic Assistance and consulting agency officials. GAO 
surveyed and interviewed agency officials to determine program 
objectives and activities. Nine agencies reviewed the draft report and 
five provided comments. Labor was concerned that GAO characterized its 
programs as fragmented and potentially duplicative. While multiple 
programs may be appropriate, GAO maintains that additional review and 
coordination may reduce inefficiencies and improve effectiveness among 
overlapping programs. 

What GAO Found: 

GAO identified 45 programs that supported employment for people with 
disabilities in fiscal year 2010, reflecting a fragmented system of 
services. The programs were administered by nine federal agencies and 
overseen by even more congressional committees. All programs 
overlapped with at least one other program in that they provided one 
or more similar employment service to a similar population—people with 
disabilities. The greatest overlap occurred in programs serving 
veterans and servicemembers (19 programs) and youth and young adults 
(5 programs). In addition, GAO identified seven programs that did not 
limit eligibility to any particular population and were potentially 
available to veterans and servicemembers or youth. Some overlapping 
programs, such as those with specific eligibility requirements, have 
less potential for duplication-—providing the same services to the 
same beneficiaries-—than others. However, even when the potential for 
duplication of services is low, there may be inefficiencies associated 
with operating multiple programs that provide similar services to 
similar populations. Coordination across programs may help address 
fragmentation and potential duplication, but officials that GAO 
surveyed reported only limited coordination. However, among six 
selected programs that only serve people with disabilities—-including 
the Department of Education’s Vocational Rehabilitation program and 
the Social Security Administration’s Ticket to Work program—-officials 
cited more consistent coordination. 

[Figure: refer to PDF for image: illustration of number of programs as 
puzzle pieces] 

Department of Labor;A]: 14; 
Department of Veterans Affairs: 4; 
IRS[A]: 1; 
U.S. AbilityOne Commission: 1; 
Social Security Administration: 3; 
Department of Health and Human Services: 4; 
Department of Defense[A]: 10; 
Department of Education: 9; 
Department of Agriculture: 1. 

Source; GAO analysis. 

[A] The Department of Labor jointly administers the Workforce 
Recruitment Program with the Department of Defense and the Work 
Opportunity Tax Credit with the Internal Revenue Service. These 
programs are therefore included under both the Department of Labor and 
the other administering agencies in the figure. 

[End of figure] 

Most (32) of the 45 programs surveyed tracked at least one employment-
related outcome measure for people with disabilities, but overall 
little is known about the effectiveness of these programs. The most 
commonly tracked outcomes for people with disabilities were “entered 
employment” (28 programs) and “employment retention” (18 programs). 
However, it may be difficult to compare outcomes across programs, in 
part, because of variation in the type and severity of participants’ 
disabilities. In addition, only 10 of the 45 programs reported that an 
evaluation had been conducted in the last 5 years. Just one of the 45 
programs (Job Corps) reported conducting an impact study—a study that 
would most clearly show whether the program (and not other factors) 
was responsible for improved employment outcomes for people with 
disabilities. However, additional studies are underway for at least 
two other programs. 

What GAO Recommends: 

GAO is not recommending executive action at this time. In a recent 
report, GAO suggested the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
consider establishing governmentwide goals for employment of people 
with disabilities, and working with agencies that administer 
overlapping programs to determine whether consolidation might result 
in more effective and efficient delivery of services. GAO continues to 
believe these actions are needed and will follow up with OMB to 
determine their status. 

View [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-677]. For more 
information, contact Daniel Bertoni at (202) 512-7215 or 
bertonid@gao.gov. 

[End of section] 

Contents: 

Letter: 

Background: 

Fragmentation and Overlap Prevalent among 45 Programs Serving People 
with Disabilities: 

Programs Tracked Varying Outcome Measures, and Little Is Known About 
Program Effectiveness: 

Concluding Observations: 

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation: 

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology: 

Appendix II: Selected Survey Data from Programs That Have Ended Since 
Fiscal Year 2010: 

Appendix III: Reported Program Obligations and Number of People with 
Disabilities Served: 

Appendix IV: Reported Program Objectives and Eligibility Requirements: 

Appendix V: Services Reported to Be Provided in Fiscal Year 2010, by 
Population and Program: 

Appendix VI: Employment-Related Outcome Measures Programs Reported 
Tracking for People with Disabilities in Fiscal Year 2010: 

Appendix VII: Programs That Identified Performance Reviews Completed 
Since 2006, by Type of Study: 

Appendix VIII: Agency Comments from the Department of Agriculture: 

Appendix IX: Agency Comments from the Department of Education: 

Appendix X: Agency Comments from the Department of Labor: 

Appendix XI: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: 

Tables: 

Table 1: Programs Reporting the Number of People with Disabilities 
Served and Obligations, Fiscal Year 2010: 

Table 2: Reported Eligibility Requirements for Labor's Three Programs 
Limiting Eligibility to Students, Transition-age Youth, and/or Young 
Adults: 

Table 3: Programs Reporting Waiting Lists: 

Table 4: Coordination Reported by All Programs in Our Scope: 

Table 5: Services Provided by 19 Programs That Limit Eligibility to 
Servicemembers, Veterans, and/or Their Families: 

Table 6: Services Provided by Five Programs That Limit Eligibility to 
Students, Transition Age Youth, and/or Young Adults: 

Table 7: Services Provided by Seven Programs That Serve All People 
with Disabilities: 

Table 8: Services Provided by 14 Programs That Limit Eligibility to 
Other Populations: 

Figures: 

Figure 1: Multiple Congressional Committees, Federal and State 
Agencies, and Other Entities Oversee and Administer 45 Federal 
Programs that Support Employment for People with Disabilities: 

Figure 2: Number of Programs Reporting Selected Employment Services 
Provided to People with Disabilities, Fiscal Year 2010: 

Figure 3: Selected Employment Services Reported to Be Provided by 19 
Programs Limiting Eligibility to Veterans, Servicemembers, and/or 
Their Families, Fiscal Year 2010: 

Figure 4: Selected Employment Services Reported to Be Provided by Five 
Programs Limiting Eligibility to Students, Transition-aged Youth, and/ 
or Young Adults, Fiscal Year 2010: 

Figure 5: Selected Employment Services Reported to Be Provided by 
Seven Programs That Serve All People with Disabilities, Fiscal Year 
2010: 

Figure 6: Measures Reported by Programs to Track Employment Outcomes 
for People with Disabilities: 

Figure 7: Criteria for Including Programs within Our Scope: 

Abbreviations: 

Education: Department of Education: 

GPRA: Government Performance and Results Act of 1993: 

GPRAMA: GPRA Modernization Act of 2010: 

Labor: Department of Labor: 

OMB: Office of Management and Budget: 

SSA: Social Security Administration: 

VA: Department of Veterans Affairs: 

VR: State Vocational Rehabilitation Services: 

VR agency: vocational rehabilitation agency: 

VR&E: Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment: 

WIA: Workforce Investment Act: 

[End of section] 

June 29, 2012: 

Congressional Committees: 

Nearly one in five people in the United States are reported to have a 
disability.[Footnote 1] Although some people are born with 
disabilities, everyone is at risk of experiencing a short-term or long-
term disability, whether through accidents, employment-related 
injuries and illnesses, disease, or aging. In addition, individuals may 
have mental disorders or developmental disabilities, which are severe 
chronic conditions resulting from mental and/or physical impairments 
that can begin at any time during development and last throughout a 
person's lifetime. A body of evidence indicates that many people with 
disabilities can and want to work. However, research has shown that 
people with disabilities may face multiple barriers to employment, 
including poor health or functioning; inadequate education, skills, or 
training; lack of transportation; lack of accessible workplaces or 
accommodations; and discrimination. Federal programs reported 
obligating more than $4 billion in fiscal year 2010 on employment-
related supports for people with disabilities, compared to a 
significantly higher amount on income and medical supports for people 
with disabilities. Even with these expenditures, historically, people 
with disabilities have experienced higher unemployment and poverty 
rates than those without disabilities. 

Over the years, many federal programs across a number of federal 
agencies have been created or have evolved to address barriers to 
employment for people with disabilities, resulting in a fragmented 
system of supports. Recently, we identified 50 programs administered by 
nine federal agencies that supported employment for people with 
disabilities.[Footnote 2] This report provides additional information 
and context related to our work and addresses the following objectives: 
(1) to what extent do federal programs that support employment for 
people with disabilities provide similar services to similar 
populations and (2) to what extent has the effectiveness of programs 
that support employment for people with disabilities been measured? 

To address our first objective, we identified programs that support 
employment for people with disabilities by consulting with federal 
agency officials and researchers knowledgeable about employment and 
disability issues, searching the Catalog of Federal Domestic 
Assistance, and reviewing our previous work. Consistent with our prior 
work on duplication, we considered "programs" to include a variety of 
types of assistance--such as grants, initiatives, and tax expenditures-
-and will use that term throughout the report for simplicity. We 
included programs that served only people with disabilities, as well as 
programs that served a broader population but provided special 
consideration to people with disabilities or their employers.[Footnote 
3] We also included programs for wounded, ill, and injured 
servicemembers within our scope. After validating the list of programs 
with agency officials, we fielded a web-based survey to each program. 
The survey collected information on each program's objectives, 
eligibility requirements, services provided, outcome measures, and 
obligations, among other data. We incorporated data reliability checks 
into the survey instrument, reviewed documentation, and conducted 
follow-up interviews as necessary. We determined that the data used in 
this report were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. 
We did not conduct an independent legal analysis to identify relevant 
programs or verify the program information provided by survey 
respondents. To further explore coordination efforts among overlapping 
programs, we selected six programs--administered by three different 
agencies--that serve only people with disabilities.[Footnote 4] We 
conducted interviews with officials representing these six programs 
regarding their coordination efforts, challenges to coordination, and 
factors that facilitate or create barriers to coordination. To address 
our second objective, we collected data through our survey on program 
outcome measures and any studies or evaluations of program performance 
conducted since 2006. We reviewed the studies' methodologies to 
determine whether they met our definition of an impact study.[Footnote 
5] We conducted this performance audit from April 2011 to June 2012 in 
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those 
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain 
sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that 
the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and 
conclusions based on our audit objectives. See Appendix I for a more 
detailed description of our objectives, scope, and methodology. 

Background: 

Improving and Modernizing Federal Disability Programs: 

In 2003, we first designated federal disability programs as a high-
risk area because the programs require urgent attention and 
organizational transformation to ensure that they function in the most 
economical, efficient, and effective manner possible.[Footnote 6] We 
have also reported that improving work participation among people with 
disabilities has been challenging in part because the United States 
has a patchwork of disability programs--developed individually over 
many years--and lacks a unified set of national goals that guide 
coordination among programs or contribute to measuring desired 
outcomes.[Footnote 7] 

In February 2012, we identified programs administered by nine federal 
agencies that supported employment for people with disabilities, and 
many of these programs overlapped in that they provided similar 
services to similar populations.[Footnote 8] We recommended that the 
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in consultation with those 
agencies that administer programs that support employment for people 
with disabilities, take two actions to improve coordination and 
program effectiveness and efficiency: (1) consider establishing 
measurable, governmentwide goals for employment of people with 
disabilities, and (2) continue to work with executive agencies that 
administer overlapping programs to determine whether program 
consolidation might result in administrative savings and more 
effective and efficient delivery of services. 

In response, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) noted that, in 
fiscal year 2012, the administration's Domestic Policy Council will 
conduct an internal review of ways to improve the effectiveness of 
disability programs through better coordination and alignment of 
policies and strategies. OMB also noted that the administration has 
set governmentwide goals for employment and inclusion of people with 
disabilities in the federal government, among other ongoing and 
planned efforts to improve employment for people with disabilities. 

GPRA Modernization Act of 2010: 

Responsibility for many federal efforts, including employment support 
for people with disabilities, lies with more than one agency, yet 
agencies face a range of challenges and barriers when they attempt to 
work collaboratively. Both Congress and the Executive Branch have 
recognized this, and in January 2011, the GPRA Modernization Act of 
2010 (GPRAMA) was enacted, updating the Government Performance and 
Results Act of 1993.[Footnote 9] GPRAMA establishes a new framework 
aimed at taking a more crosscutting and integrated approach for 
focusing on results and improving government performance. Effective 
implementation of the law could play an important role in clarifying 
desired outcomes, addressing program performance spanning multiple 
organizations, and facilitating future actions to reduce unnecessary 
duplication, overlap, and fragmentation.[Footnote 10] 

GPRAMA requires OMB to coordinate with agencies to establish outcome-
oriented goals covering a limited number of crosscutting policy areas 
as well as goals to improve management across the federal government, 
and to develop a governmentwide performance plan for making progress 
toward achieving those goals. The performance plan is required to, 
among other things, identify the agencies and federal activities--
including spending programs, tax expenditures, and regulations--that 
contribute to each goal, and establish performance indicators to 
measure overall progress toward these goals as well as the individual 
contribution of the underlying agencies and federal activities. GPRAMA 
also requires similar information at the agency level. Each agency is 
required to identify the various federal organizations and activities-
-both within and external to the agency--that contribute to its goals, 
and describe how the agency is working with other agencies to achieve 
its goals as well as any relevant crosscutting goals. OMB officials 
stated that their approach to responding to this requirement will 
address fragmentation among federal programs. OMB and the agencies 
within our scope identified several employment-related goals for 
fiscal year 2013, including a goal to increase the percentage of 
eligible servicemembers served by career readiness and preparedness 
programs, and a goal to provide 2 million workers with skills training 
by 2015 and improve the coordination and delivery of job training 
services. However, none of the governmentwide goals established for 
fiscal year 2013 relate specifically to employment for people with 
disabilities. 

Members of Congress have expressed concern that there is no 
consolidated list of all federal government programs, and that 
individual federal agencies are not able to provide a list of all of 
their programs and initiatives. GPRAMA requires OMB to create a single 
website, no later than October 1, 2012, that lists each federal 
agency's programs. Agencies are required to identify how they define 
the term "program," consistent with guidance from OMB; a description 
of the purpose of each program and how it contributes to the mission 
and goals of the agency; and information on funding for the current 
fiscal year and two previous fiscal years. In addition, in January 
2012, OMB announced that it will work with agencies to identify a 
comprehensive list of programs, pursuant to the law. As a first step, 
OMB stated it will conduct a pilot for a selected group of agencies 
and bureaus with programs related to trade, exports, and 
competitiveness. Based on the pilot, OMB plans to issue guidance to 
all federal agencies detailing the approach to be taken to develop a 
governmentwide inventory of programs. 

Fragmentation and Overlap Prevalent among 45 Programs Serving People 
with Disabilities: 

Fragmentation occurs when more than one federal agency (or 
organization within an agency) is involved in the same broad area of 
national need. As we have previously noted, fragmented programs that 
do not coordinate effectively could waste scarce funds, confuse and 
frustrate program beneficiaries, and limit the overall effectiveness 
of the federal effort.[Footnote 11] We identified 45 programs that 
supported employment for people with disabilities in fiscal year 2010 
and continued to do so as of April 2012.[Footnote 12] (See appendix 
III for a complete list of programs.) Oversight and administration of 
the programs is the responsibility of multiple congressional 
committees, executive agencies, and state and local offices. Most of 
the programs overlapped in that they provided similar services to 
similar populations; however, differences in specific eligibility 
criteria sometimes limited the potential for duplication. In general, 
coordination among the 45 programs was limited. Selected programs that 
serve only people with disabilities reported higher levels of 
coordination at the state and local levels. 

Program Oversight and Administration Is Fragmented: 

Oversight and administration of programs that support employment for 
people with disabilities is fragmented among various congressional 
committees, multiple federal agencies, and state entities (see figure 
1). Agency officials reported that 27 of the 45 programs were created 
by statute, rather than at the agencies' initiative. At least 13 
congressional committees are responsible for oversight of the 45 
programs, which are administered by nine federal agencies. In some 
cases, a range of departments or offices within an agency are 
responsible for the programs. For example, several offices in the 
Department of Labor (Labor) administer 14 programs that provide 
employment-related services to people with disabilities. Further, the 
Department of Defense has 10 programs within its purview in part 
because each service branch administers its own program or programs to 
assist wounded, ill, and injured servicemembers with employment. 
Adding to the fragmented landscape, some of these federal programs are 
administered by governmental and nongovernmental state or local 
entities, either in collaboration or independently. In addition, 
agency officials noted that states have various governmental 
structures to administer the programs. For example, the Department of 
Education (Education) allocates formula funds to states to carry out 
the State Vocational Rehabilitation Services (VR) program. The state 
may create one vocational rehabilitation agency (VR agency) or 
designate a separate VR agency to serve individuals who are blind and 
a "general" agency for all other disability categories. In addition, 
each state may organize its VR agency or agencies within different 
government departments relative to other states, such as state 
departments of labor or education, or they may be free-standing 
agencies or commissions. 

Figure 1: Multiple Congressional Committees, Federal and State 
Agencies, and Other Entities Oversee and Administer 45 Federal 
Programs that Support Employment for People with Disabilities: 

[Refer to PDF for image: illustration] 

Congress: 
House/Senate: At least 13 committees: 
Enacting laws and oversight; 
Appropriating funding. 

Federal agencies: 
Labor: 14; 
Defense: 10; 
Education: 9; 
HHS: 4; 
VA: 4; 
Social Security: 3; 
Agriculture: 1; 
IRS: 1; 
AbilityOne: 1. 

State level: 
Multiple agencies. 

Regional and local level: 
Nonprofits; 
Local agencies and departments. 

Recipients: 
Beneficiaries; 
Employers. 

Source: GAO analysis of interviews with agencies and other relevant 
documentation. 

Note: Labor jointly administers the Workforce Recruitment Program with 
the Department of Defense and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit with the 
Internal Revenue Service. These programs are therefore included under 
both Labor and the other administering agencies in the figure. 

[End of figure] 

The specific definitions of disability and eligibility requirements 
that programs use--often established by law--vary, which may 
contribute to fragmentation. For example, officials from 34 programs 
collectively reported using at least 10 different definitions of 
disability, and 10 programs reported having no specific definition for 
disability. In addition, the 45 programs reported at least 26 specific 
limitations to eligibility, such as limiting services to Native 
Americans or people who are blind. The variation across programs 
allows policy makers and program officials to target certain 
populations and, as discussed later, may reduce the potential for 
duplicative services. However, variation in definitions of disability 
and eligibility requirements may lead to confusion among people with 
disabilities about their eligibility for a specific program, and may 
create additional administrative burdens for state and local agencies 
and private partners that deliver services. 

To address fragmentation among programs that support employment for 
people with disabilities, at least two programs have been created to 
assist clients in determining what services and benefits they are 
eligible for, and which would best meet their needs. Specifically, 
according to agency officials, the Social Security Administration's 
(SSA) Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program helps Social 
Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries and Supplemental Security 
Income disability recipients (for the purposes of this report, we will 
refer to these populations collectively as "SSA disability 
beneficiaries") understand SSA's complex work incentives and how 
working would affect their disability benefits or payments. In 
addition, agency officials noted that Labor's Disability Program 
Navigators, jointly funded with SSA, provided staff members in one-
stop career centers to help people with disabilities navigate multiple 
employment programs and services to meet their employment needs. 
[Footnote 13] 

The number and range of programs makes it difficult to estimate the 
total federal funding dedicated to providing people with disabilities 
with employment supports or the number of individuals served. Programs 
we surveyed reported obligating about $4.1 billion to provide 
employment support to at least 1.5 million individuals with 
disabilities in fiscal year 2010, but these numbers may be largely 
underestimated for several reasons. (See table 1 for summary 
information on reported numbers of people served and obligations in 
fiscal year 2010; see appendix III for detailed fiscal year 2010 
participant and obligation data reported by each program.) Of the 23 
programs serving only people with disabilities, 18 reported on the 
number of people with disabilities receiving employment supports and 
18 reported data on obligations in fiscal year 2010. One program--
Education's VR program--accounted for most of these funds and 
participants (the program obligated $3 billion to serve more than 1 
million people with disabilities). Even less is known about 
expenditures on and the number of people receiving employment supports 
from the 22 programs serving people with and without disabilities. 
Specifically, only 13 of these programs reported how many people with 
disabilities received employment supports and 10 reported obligations 
spent on people with disabilities. Agency officials from some of these 
programs reported that they do not systematically collect information 
on whether participants have disabilities, while others indicated that 
program participants may not always disclose that they have a 
disability. SSA officials noted that Section 504 of the Rehabilitation 
Act of 1973, as amended--which prohibits federal agencies and programs 
that receive federal funding from discriminating against individuals 
with disabilities--limits programs' ability to require individuals to 
disclose that they have a disability. Other programs, such as Labor's 
Employer Assistance and Resource Network, serve employers of people 
with disabilities and do not track the number of people with 
disabilities who indirectly benefit from program services. 

Table 1: Programs Reporting the Number of People with Disabilities 
Served and Obligations, Fiscal Year 2010: 

Serve only people with disabilities or their families; 
Number of programs: 23; 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment support: 
1,313,046 (18 programs reporting); 
Obligations for providing employment support to people with 
disabilities: $4.1 billion (18 programs reporting). 

Serve people with and without disabilities; 
Number of programs: 22; 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment support: 
224,141 (13 programs reporting); 
Obligations for providing employment support to people with 
disabilities: $7.3 million (10 programs reporting). 

Total; 
Number of programs: 45; 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment support: 
1,537,187; 
Obligations for providing employment support to people with 
disabilities: $4.1 billion. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of table] 

Overlap Was Greatest among Certain Programs: 

All 45 programs overlapped with at least one other program in that 
they provided one or more similar employment service to people with 
disabilities. To identify services provided, we asked survey 
respondents to indicate from a list of employment-related services and 
supports which ones their programs provide. Respondents indicated a 
range of services provided, with some services being provided more 
than others.[Footnote 14] For example, survey responses revealed that 
36 of the 45 programs provided employment counseling, assessment, and 
case management, with 23 providing these services to more than half of 
their participants. On the other hand, agency officials reported that 
17 programs provided remedial academic English language skills and 
adult literacy assistance, with 4 of those providing it to more than 
half of their participants. Two programs reported providing tax 
expenditures related to workers with disabilities. For example, the 
Work Opportunity Tax Credit provides a tax credit to employers who 
hire individuals from target groups, including disabled veterans. In 
addition, two programs--Education's Randolph-Sheppard program and the 
U.S. AbilityOne Commission's AbilityOne Program--help create jobs for 
individuals with disabilities through the federal property management 
and procurement systems. Randolph-Sheppard licenses people who are 
blind to operate vending facilities on federal or other designated 
state properties. Under the AbilityOne program, federal government 
agencies are generally required to purchase certain goods and services 
from nonprofit agencies that employ people who are blind or have some 
other severe disability. Several programs also noted that they 
provided additional services not included on our list, such as 
financial supports, resume preparation, job coaching, transportation, 
and medical and psychiatric services. 

Figure 2: Number of Programs Reporting Selected Employment Services 
Provided to People with Disabilities, Fiscal Year 2010: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked horizontal bar graph] 

Employment-related information dissemination: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 18; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 10; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 10; 
Total: 38. 

Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 23; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 8; 
Total: 36. 

Job readiness skills: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 19; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 12; 
Total: 36. 

Job search or job placement activities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 20; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 4; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 11; 
Total: 35. 

Job recruitment and referrals: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 16; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 7; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 11; 
Total: 34. 

Job development: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 16; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 7; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 9; 
Total: 32. 

Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 8; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 9; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 15; 
Total: 32. 

Job retention training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 9; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 10; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 10; 
Total: 29. 

On-the-job training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 8; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 10; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 11; 
Total: 29. 

Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 6; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 11; 
Total: 28. 

Occupational or vocational training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 12; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 9; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 6; 
Total: 27. 

Work experience: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 6; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 9; 
Total: 26. 

Vocational rehabilitation: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 7; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 6; 
Total: 24. 

Supported employment: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 9; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 12; 
Total: 24. 

Entrepreneurship training and support: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 6; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 13; 
Total: 22. 

Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 12; 
Total: 20. 

Remedial academic, english language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 4; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 4; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 9; 
Total: 17. 

Tax expenditures: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 0; 
Total: 2. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of figure] 

Overlap was greatest in programs serving two distinct groups; 
specifically, we identified 19 programs that provided employment 
services to veterans and servicemembers (see figure 3) and 5 programs 
that provided employment services to students and young adults (see 
figure 4). In addition, 7 programs did not limit eligibility to any 
particular group and therefore potentially overlapped with these and 
other programs in our scope (see figure 5). For example, 17 of the 19 
programs that limit eligibility to veterans and servicemembers 
reported providing job-readiness skills. At the same time, any veteran 
or servicemember could receive these services from 5 of the 7 programs 
that did not limit eligibility to any particular population. The 
remaining 14 programs limited eligibility to other specific groups or 
types of disabilities, such as SSA disability beneficiaries, or people 
who are blind or visually impaired. For a complete list of programs, 
their objectives, and eligibility requirements, see appendix IV. For a 
list of programs, populations they serve, and the services they 
reported providing, see appendix V. 

Figure 3: Selected Employment Services Reported to Be Provided by 19 
Programs Limiting Eligibility to Veterans, Servicemembers, and/or 
Their Families, Fiscal Year 2010: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked horizontal bar graph] 

Assistance earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 5; 
Total: 7. 

Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 6; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 12. 

Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 4; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 16. 

Employment-related information dissemination: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 9; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 7; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 18. 

Entrepreneurship training and support: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 6; 
Total: 9. 

Job development: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 15. 

Job readiness skills: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 12; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 17. 

Job recruitment and referrals: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 16. 

Job retention training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 12. 

Job search/job placement activities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 11; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 4; 
Total: 16. 

Occupational or vocational training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 6; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 12. 

On-the-job training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 12. 

Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 6. 

Support/services to employers of people with disabilities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 13. 

Supported employment: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 10. 

Tax expenditures: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 0; 
Total: 2. 

Vocational rehabilitation: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 4; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 6; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 11. 

Work experience: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 5; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 4; 
Total: 12. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of figure] 

Figure 4: Selected Employment Services Reported to Be Provided by Five 
Programs Limiting Eligibility to Students, Transition-aged Youth, and/ 
or Young Adults, Fiscal Year 2010: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked horizontal bar graph] 

Assistance earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 4. 

Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 3. 

Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 4. 

Employment-related information dissemination: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Entrepreneurship training and support: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 2. 

Job development: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 3. 

Job readiness skills: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 4. 

Job recruitment and referrals: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 4. 

Job retention training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 3. 

Job search/job placement activities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 4. 

Occupational or vocational training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 3. 

On-the-job training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 3. 

Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 3. 

Support/services to employers of people with disabilities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 2. 

Supported employment: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 1. 

Tax expenditures: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 0; 
Total: 0. 

Vocational rehabilitation: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 1. 

Work experience: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of figure] 

Figure 5: Selected Employment Services Reported to Be Provided by 
Seven Programs That Serve All People with Disabilities, Fiscal Year 
2010: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked horizontal bar graph] 

Assistance earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 4. 

Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 6. 

Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 5. 

Employment-related information dissemination: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 5. 

Entrepreneurship training and support: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 3; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 4. 

Job development: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Job readiness skills: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 5. 

Job recruitment and referrals: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Job retention training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Job search/job placement activities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Occupational or vocational training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 2; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

On-the-job training: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 2; 
Total: 4. 

Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 3. 

Support/services to employers of people with disabilities: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 3. 

Supported employment: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 3; 
Total: 4. 

Tax expenditures: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 0; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 0; 
Total: 0. 

Vocational rehabilitation: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 3. 

Work experience: 
Service provided to more than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided to less than 50% of program participants: 1; 
Service provided, but extent unknown: 1; 
Total: 3. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of figure] 

The Potential for Duplication in Services May Be Low, but 
Administrative Inefficiencies Are Likely With Multiple Programs: 

While many programs reported providing similar services to similar 
populations, some programs have less potential for duplication--
providing the same services to the same beneficiaries--than others. 
Some overlapping programs have specific eligibility requirements that 
make duplication less likely. For example, the Department of Veterans 
Affairs' (VA) Compensated Work Therapy and Vocational Rehabilitation 
and Employment (VR&E) programs both reported providing vocational 
rehabilitation and a number of other similar employment services to 
veterans with disabilities. However, the work therapy program targets 
veterans with mental illness or other severe disabilities who are 
patients in VA medical centers, whereas the VR&E program serves 
veterans with all types of disabilities. In addition, unlike the work 
therapy program, the VR&E program requires that a veteran's disability 
be connected to his or her military service.[Footnote 15] In another 
example, the Workforce Recruitment Program, jointly administered by 
Labor and the Department of Defense, is the only one of the five youth 
programs that reported limiting eligibility to college students or 
recent graduates with disabilities. 

On the other hand, we identified three programs--Labor's Workforce 
Investment Act (WIA) Youth, YouthBuild, and Registered Apprenticeship 
for Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities programs--that are 
potentially available to any youth with disabilities between the ages 
of 16 and 21 (see table 2) and reported offering many similar 
services, such as job readiness skills, on-the-job training, and 
assistance in obtaining a high school diploma.[Footnote 16] Despite 
their similarities, Labor officials told us these programs employ 
different strategies for providing services. For example, the 
YouthBuild program focuses on helping youth earn their high-school 
equivalency degree while learning job skills by building affordable 
housing for homeless and low-income people, whereas the WIA Youth 
program is broader in that it focuses on more than construction skills 
and serves a larger population. The apprenticeship program is a small, 
3-year pilot program in two states administered in partnership with 
state-organized apprenticeship agencies to place young adults with 
disabilities in registered apprenticeships in the construction and 
health care fields. Labor officials said that case managers may refer 
a participant from the WIA Youth program to the YouthBuild program, 
for example, if they are interested in learning construction skills. 
However, it is difficult to determine the extent to which these 
different strategies reduce or prevent potential duplication in 
services among these programs. 

Table 2: Reported Eligibility Requirements for Labor's Three Programs 
Limiting Eligibility to Students, Transition-age Youth, and/or Young 
Adults: 

Program name: WIA Youth; 
Reported eligibility requirements: Youth, ages 14 to 21, with a low 
personal or family income who also meet one or more of the following 
criteria:
* deficient in basic literacy skills; 
* school dropout; 
* homeless; 
* runaway; 
* foster child; 
* pregnant or a parent; 
* an offender, or; 
* requires additional assistance to complete their education or secure 
and hold employment; 
Up to 5 percent of youth participants in a local area do not have to 
meet the income criterion if they meet one of the following criteria: 
* school dropout; 
* basic skills deficient; 
* are one or more grade levels below the grade level appropriate to 
the individual's age; 
* pregnant or parenting; 
* possess one or more disabilities, including learning disabilities; 
* homeless or runaway; 
* offender; or; 
* face serious barriers to employment as identified by the local board. 

Program name: YouthBuild; 
Reported eligibility requirements: Youth ages 16 through 24 and a 
member of a disadvantaged population, such as: 
* low-income; 
* foster care (including youth aging out of foster care); 
* youth offender; 
* youth with a disability; 
* child of an incarcerated parent; 
* high school dropout, or; 
* migrant youth. 

Program name: Registered Apprenticeship for Youth and Young Adults 
with Disabilities; 
Reported eligibility requirements: Youth and young adults with 
disabilities ages 16 through 27. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

Note: Another Labor program, Job Corps, also generally serves youth 
and has similar eligibility requirements to WIA Youth and YouthBuild 
programs. However, eligible people with disabilities can apply to 
participate in the program at any age. Therefore, we did not include 
Job Corps as a program that limits eligibility to students, youth, and 
young adults. 

[End of table] 

Another factor affecting the potential for duplication is resource 
levels, in that some overlapping programs lack the capacity to serve 
all who apply, thereby reducing the potential for duplication in 
services. Six of the 45 programs reported having a waiting list for 
services (see table 3). Three of these programs reported serving only 
people with disabilities. Individuals who are on a waiting list for 
one program may be eligible to receive services from another program. 
For example, Labor officials told us that individuals waiting for VR 
services could be referred to one-stop career centers for 
services.[Footnote 17] 

Table 3: Programs Reporting Waiting Lists: 

Waiting list: Yes; 
Number of programs: 6 programs; 
* Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program (Department of 
Defense)[A]; 
* VR program[A,B] (Education); 
* Job Corps (Labor); 
* Work Opportunity Tax Credit[C] (Labor/Internal Revenue Service); 
* Community Service Employment for Older Americans (Labor); 
* Compensated Work Therapy program (VA)[A]. 

Waiting list: No; 
Number of programs: 26 programs. 

Waiting list: Don't know; 
Number of programs: 6 programs. 

Waiting list: Not applicable; 
Number of programs: 7 programs. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[A] Programs that serve only people with disabilities. 

[B] Education officials noted that some, but not all, state VR 
agencies have a wait list for services. 

[C] Labor officials noted that State Workforce Agencies may have 
backlogs of requests from employers to certify that an employee has 
met the eligibility requirements for the Work Opportunity Tax Credit 
target group. 

[End of table] 

Even when the potential for duplication of services is low, there may 
be inefficiencies associated with operating two or more separate 
programs that provide similar services to similar populations. For 
example, in its budget requests for fiscal years 2012 and 2013, 
Education proposed consolidating two smaller programs in our scope--
the Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker and Supported Employment State 
Grants programs--into its larger VR program. Education proposed this 
consolidation in order to reduce duplication of effort and 
administrative costs, streamline program administration at the federal 
and local levels, and improve accountability. 

Among the 19 programs that serve servicemembers and veterans, we 
identified two programs--Labor's Disabled Veterans' Outreach and Local 
Veterans' Employment Representatives programs--that provide similar 
services at similar locations, potentially by the same staff members. 
Both programs reported that they provided job search and placement 
services to veterans with disabilities, among other similar services. 
Labor officials said that the veterans' employment representatives 
were intended to reach out to employers and the disabled veterans' 
outreach specialists were intended to work with job seekers. However, 
as we reported in May 2007, staff often performed the same roles in 
one-stop career centers and, in some cases, the roles were carried out 
by the same staff member.[Footnote 18] A recent law gave states the 
flexibility--subject to the approval of the Secretary of Labor--to 
consolidate these two programs in order to promote more efficient 
provision of services. Labor officials noted that the agency is in the 
process of developing criteria and procedures for making 
determinations on consolidations. The law also requires the Secretary 
of Labor to conduct audits to ensure that the veterans' employment 
representatives and the outreach specialists are performing their 
required duties, and officials told us that they are in the process of 
defining the requirements and protocols for these audits.[Footnote 19] 

In another example, SSA administers two separate statutorily mandated 
programs--the State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement and 
the Ticket to Work programs--that perform similar functions in that 
they provide funding for employment supports to serve SSA disability 
beneficiaries. The Cost Reimbursement program reimburses state VR 
agencies when they help disability beneficiaries find jobs and earn 
above a certain threshold (known as substantial gainful activity) for 
9 months.[Footnote 20] The Ticket to Work program, established more 
than a decade after the Cost Reimbursement program, also provides 
funding to service providers (including, in some instances, VR 
agencies), when they help SSA disability beneficiaries achieve 
employment outcomes; retain employment; and whenever possible, support 
long-term financial independence.[Footnote 21] State VR agencies can 
decide, on a case-by-case basis, whether to accept payments under the 
Ticket to Work or the Cost Reimbursement programs, but they may not 
receive payment under both programs at the same time for the same 
beneficiary. A senior SSA official noted that the Ticket to Work and 
Cost Reimbursement programs were both created to address a concern 
that VR and other workforce programs were not adequately serving SSA 
disability beneficiaries, given the severity of their disabilities. In 
addition, the official noted that both programs were intended, in 
part, to achieve cost savings by helping SSA disability beneficiaries 
achieve self-sufficiency and reduce or eliminate their reliance on 
disability benefits or payments. However, SSA officials also pointed 
out that the Ticket to Work program was intended, in part, to provide 
beneficiaries more choices in receiving employment services beyond 
those provided by VR agencies. In addition, officials noted that the 
two programs provide a continuum of services--VR agencies provide more 
intensive, up-front services to help beneficiaries enter or return to 
work, while employment networks under the Ticket to Work program can 
provide longer-term supports to help beneficiaries stay at work. 

Officials Surveyed Reported Limited Coordination across All Programs: 

Coordination could help mitigate the potential for duplication among 
fragmented programs, but officials we surveyed reported limited 
coordination among the 45 programs in our scope. In our survey, we 
asked respondents to indicate whether their program coordinated with 
any of the other programs receiving our survey. In 13 percent of 
cases, two programs mutually reported coordinating with each other. 
However, in most cases, respondents either reported not coordinating 
or inconsistently reported coordinating with other programs (see table 
4). For example, although VA's VR&E program reported coordinating with 
Labor's Veterans Workforce Investment Program and Disabled Veterans 
Outreach Program, only one of the two Labor programs--the Disabled 
Veterans Outreach Program--reported coordinating with the VA program. 
Officials explained that, in some cases, federal-level program staff 
responding to our survey may not be aware of coordination taking place 
at the state and local levels. Further, although the rate of mutual 
coordination reported is low among all the programs in our scope, 
programs that have different missions or serve different populations 
may not be expected to coordinate with one another. For instance, 
Labor's Senior Community Service Employment Program supports part-time 
work opportunities for low-income senior citizens, and therefore may 
not need to coordinate with Department of Defense transition programs--
such as Operation Warfighter--that help servicemembers returning to 
civilian life gain employment experience. 

Table 4: Coordination Reported by All Programs in Our Scope: 

Both programs reported coordinating: 13%; 
Both programs reported that they did not coordinate: 44%; 
Programs disagreed or did not know whether they coordinate: 43%. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of table] 

In order to better understand our survey results, we held more 
detailed discussions about coordination efforts with six selected 
programs that serve only people with disabilities: 

* Assistive Technology State Grant program (Education)[Footnote 22] 

* Disability Employment Initiative (Labor): 

* State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement Program 
(SSA)[Footnote 23] 

* Ticket to Work program (SSA): 

* VR program (Education): 

* Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program (SSA): 

Officials cited more consistent coordination among these programs. In 
response to our survey, all six programs had mutually reported 
coordinating with the Ticket to Work and the VR programs. This is 
perhaps not surprising, given that the VR program reported serving the 
largest number of people with disabilities and the Ticket to Work 
program is closely related to the VR program. 

Although not all of the six programs mutually reported coordination, 
federal program officials noted that a significant amount of 
coordination occurs at the state and local levels where services are 
delivered. Labor officials reported that its Disability Employment 
Initiative grantees at the state and local level have established 
Integrated Resource Teams, which include representatives from a number 
of programs--including the VR program, the Assistive Technology State 
Grant program, and other state and local programs--to leverage all 
available resources for individual clients. To further encourage local 
coordination, Labor recently issued guidance to state and local 
workforce agencies outlining ways in which programs housed in one-stop 
career centers can coordinate with providers under SSA's Ticket to 
Work program.[Footnote 24] Labor issued similar guidance listing 
available resources to help beneficiaries obtain assistive technology, 
including Education's Assistive Technology State Grant program and 
SSA's Ticket to Work program.[Footnote 25] 

Agency officials also described efforts to increase coordination more 
broadly among programs that support employment for people with 
disabilities. For example, in 2008, Education and SSA established the 
Partnership Plus initiative, which is intended to provide a seamless 
approach to vocational services for people with disabilities. 
Individuals who need intensive employment services, such as education 
or training, can receive them first through the VR program, and then 
transition to an employment network under Ticket to Work for job 
retention services, or other ongoing services and supports to maintain 
employment and increase earnings. In addition, officials described a 
new initiative that coordinates programs and leverages resources from 
Education, the Department of Health and Human Services, Labor, and 
SSA, and aims to help youth receiving Supplemental Security Income to 
transition successfully to higher education or employment by working 
with the entire family to provide supports necessary to reduce 
barriers and improve outcomes.[Footnote 26] 

Officials from selected programs reported facing a number of 
challenges in coordinating with each other. First, officials noted 
that coordination can be challenging because programs are governed by 
separate statutes and regulations containing different definitions and 
program requirements. One official noted that aligning definitions of 
disability in statute would be helpful to ensure programs established 
by WIA and the Rehabilitation Act are complementary. In interviews 
with our six selected programs, officials from each reported that 
individual programs lack the resources, both in terms of funding and 
staff time, to pursue coordination with one another. Finally, one 
official indicated that interagency working groups may have limited 
effectiveness. He said that, in general, coordination could be more 
effective if programs had a set of outcomes they were expected to 
collectively achieve and were given the authority to work together to 
do so--including the authority to waive requirements that present 
barriers--and given funding to support such collaboration. This is 
consistent with concerns raised in our 2010 forum on employment for 
people with disabilities, where participants noted that past 
interagency coordination efforts have not been very successful at 
achieving significant change because they have lacked sufficient 
authority, accountability, or resources.[Footnote 27] 

Programs Tracked Varying Outcome Measures, and Little Is Known About 
Program Effectiveness: 

Programs Reported Tracking Varying Employment Outcomes for People with 
Disabilities: 

Coordination efforts can be enhanced when agencies work toward a 
common goal, yet outcome measures varied across programs and not all 
programs reported outcomes specifically for people with disabilities. 
Given a list of typical employment measures, 32 of the 45 programs 
reported tracking at least one employment measure specifically for 
people with disabilities.[Footnote 28] The measures varied across 
programs, but the measures most commonly tracked were "participants 
who enter employment" (28 programs) and "participants' employment 
retention" (18 programs). Some programs reported tracking other 
indicators, such as quality of life. For instance, both VA's VR&E 
program and Education's Helen Keller National Center track the number 
of participants who are able to live independently or in less-
restrictive residential programs. The remaining 13 programs did not 
report tracking any employment-related outcomes for people with 
disabilities, in part because they have a broader mission. For 
instance, Department of Health and Human Services officials reported 
that states are required to identify various performance measures in 
their applications for the Medicaid 1915(c) Home and Community-Based 
Services Waivers and the 1915(i) State Plan Home and Community-Based 
Services related to participants' health and welfare overall, but are 
not required to measure employment-related outcome measures because 
both programs provide a broad range of health care and other services 
beyond employment-related services.[Footnote 29] See Figure 6 for the 
number of programs tracking specific outcome measures. 

Figure 6: Measures Reported by Programs to Track Employment Outcomes 
for People with Disabilities: 

[Refer to PDF for image: horizontal bar graph] 

Track at least one measure specifically for people with disabilities: 
Number of programs: 32. 

Entered employment: 
Number of programs: 28. 

Employment retention: 
Number of programs: 18. 

Wage gain or change: 
Number of programs: 13. 

Customer satisfaction: 
Number of programs: 11. 

Credential attainment: 
Number of programs: 10. 

Entered the military, postsecondary education, or other vocational 
training program: 
Number of programs: 10. 

Educational attainment: 
Number of programs: 9. 

Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: 
Number of programs: 4. 

Other: 
Number of programs: 21. 
     
Source: GAO analysis of survey data. 

[End of figure] 

Despite some similarities in programs' outcome measures, it can be 
difficult to compare relative performance due to variation across 
programs in the type and severity of participants' disabilities. Just 
over half (24) of the 45 programs reported targeting or giving 
priority to people with significant or severe disabilities for whom it 
may be challenging to achieve positive employment outcomes.[Footnote 
30] Further, some programs may use different thresholds for their 
employment outcome measures. For example, although 28 programs 
reported tracking "participants who enter employment," officials told 
us that some programs may consider just a few hours of paid work per 
week as an employment outcome, while others set a higher bar and 
require a participant to be working at a level that would allow them 
to become self-sufficient and eliminate their dependence on federal 
disability benefits. 

Some Programs Have Conducted Evaluations, but Few Have Measured Their 
Impact: 

Little is known about the effectiveness of the programs we identified 
as supporting employment for people with disabilities because only 
about one-quarter reported having a performance review. Ten of the 45 
programs in our scope reported that a review or study had been 
conducted to evaluate their program's performance.[Footnote 31] The 
studies varied in methodology, and many examined program outcomes and 
proposed ways to improve services, but fell short of determining 
whether outcomes were a direct result of program activities. (See 
appendix VII for programs that reported performance reviews.) For 
example, the Department of Agriculture's AgrAbility program conducted 
a review of its activities between 1991 and 2011 that found that 
11,000 clients had been served, and that 88 percent of those clients 
continued to be engaged in farm or ranch activities. However, this 
study did not determine whether other factors may have contributed to 
participants' positive outcomes. Likewise, a 2009 study evaluated 
aspects of Labor's YouthBuild program--such as recruitment and 
enrollment procedures, educational and vocational services, and case 
management--to understand similarities and differences across 
grantees, but the study did not attempt to discern the effect of the 
program on participants' employment.[Footnote 32] 

Only one program in our scope--Labor's Job Corps program--reported 
having a study that meets the criteria of an impact study. Impact 
studies examine what would have happened in the absence of a program 
to isolate its impact from other factors. Many researchers consider 
impact studies to be the best method for determining the extent to 
which a program is responsible for participant outcomes, but these 
studies can be challenging to conduct. However, there are sometimes 
opportunities for agencies to assess impacts without conducting full-
scale impact studies. As an example, Education officials noted that it 
may be more feasible to conduct a rigorous study to evaluate the 
impact of providing enhanced services over regular services, rather 
than the impact of providing services over providing no services at 
all. The Job Corps impact study compared the outcomes of participants 
in the program to outcomes of a comparable group of individuals who 
did not participate in the program. The study concluded that, although 
there were no long-term program impacts on earnings for many Job Corps 
participants, the program generated earnings gains for participants 
between the ages of 20 and 24, who may be more highly motivated and 
disciplined. 

Reports for two additional programs that were excluded from our scope--
SSA's Youth Transition Demonstration and the Mental Health Treatment 
Study programs[Footnote 33]--met the criteria for impact studies. Each 
of the programs was a demonstration project that included an impact 
study to determine whether the program produced positive outcomes. The 
Youth Transition Demonstration Project had interim impact studies for 
three project sites.[Footnote 34] The studies concluded that, while 
the program did result in greater use of services to promote 
employment, it did not impact the employment of participants from two 
out of three project sites during the 1-year follow-up period. 
[Footnote 35] The program also did not impact the education or income 
of participants from the three project sites during the 1-year follow-
up period. The Mental Health Treatment Study program also published an 
impact study, which concluded that there was significant improvement 
in the 24-month employment rate for the group receiving services (61 
percent versus 40 percent employment for the control group).[Footnote 
36] 

Finally, agencies may have published or initiated impact studies after 
responding to our survey. For instance, officials at Labor notified us 
of two impact studies currently being planned or underway, for the 
YouthBuild program and for the Disability Employment Initiative. 

Concluding Observations: 

The number of programs providing similar employment services to people 
with disabilities--and the range of requirements and approaches they 
entail--raises questions about the current structure of federal 
disability programs. In fact, several of the programs we identified 
were created in order to help people with disabilities navigate this 
fragmented system. Efforts such as Education's proposed consolidation 
of several smaller programs into its VR program also indicate an 
awareness of the need to simplify the system and increase 
effectiveness and ease of use. In our February 2012 report on 
duplication and overlap in government programs, we suggested that OMB 
continue to work with executive agencies that administer overlapping 
programs to identify any opportunities for cost savings or 
streamlining, such as program consolidation. We continue to believe 
that such a review could result in more effective and efficient 
delivery of services to help people with disabilities obtain and 
retain employment. 

We identified limited coordination among programs that provide 
employment support for people with disabilities, which may exacerbate 
the potential for duplication among fragmented programs. In addition, 
many programs have not evaluated their programs for effectiveness, and 
little is known about effectiveness overall, such that policymakers 
have limited information to help them make informed decisions on 
allocating scarce resources. In our February 2012 report, we noted 
that OMB should consider establishing governmentwide goals related to 
employment of people with disabilities, with agencies establishing 
related outcome measures. We continue to believe that setting common 
goals across programs that support employment for people with 
disabilities could help spur greater coordination and more efficient 
and economical service delivery in overlapping program areas, and plan 
to follow up with OMB on its progress with respect to both of the 
actions we suggested in our February 2012 report. 

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation: 

We provided copies of our draft report to the nine federal agencies 
that administer programs within the scope of this report for comment. 
The AbilityOne Commission; the Departments of Defense and Health and 
Human Services; and the Internal Revenue Service had no comments. The 
Departments of Education, Labor, and Veterans Affairs, and SSA 
provided technical comments, which we incorporated into the report, as 
appropriate. The Departments of Agriculture, Education, and Labor also 
provided written comments, which are reproduced in appendixes VIII, 
IX, and X, respectively. 

In its comments, the Department of Agriculture noted that it generally 
concurred with our findings. Education provided additional information 
and examples of how its VR program coordinates services at the state 
and local level that were not fully described in our report. For 
example, Education noted that the program coordinates at the state 
level with each state's workforce investment system, and state VR 
agencies have staff who provide a variety of education, training, and 
rehabilitation services to one-stop career center customers with 
disabilities. Education also stated that the capacity of the VR 
program to provide and coordinate a wide range of individualized 
services to achieve employment outcomes for individuals with 
disabilities--particularly individuals with significant disabilities--
is not duplicated by any other program. 

Labor generally expressed concern that we found fragmentation among 
the programs we examined, noting that our definition of fragmentation 
is broad. We continue to believe that fragmentation--defined as more 
than one federal agency (or organization within an agency) being 
involved in the same broad area of national need--exists among the 45 
programs we identified across nine federal agencies. As we have noted, 
unless programs coordinate effectively, fragmentation could lead to 
inefficient use of scarce resources, confuse program beneficiaries, 
and ultimately, limit the overall effectiveness of the federal effort. 
Labor also expressed concern about our statement that certain youth 
programs with similar eligibility requirements present a greater risk 
of potential duplication than other programs, noting that we did not 
consider the unique characteristics of the programs, such as the 
individual services provided, the program design used, or the 
populations served. We did consider such factors and provided some 
information in our report about the different ways these programs 
serve the youth population. However, we were unable to determine the 
extent to which these factors reduce the potential for duplication. 

Further, while Labor acknowledged that it is important to minimize 
duplication and maximize efficiency, it noted that some overlap is 
necessary and appropriate to ensure that all participants receive 
comprehensive employment and training services. We agree that, in some 
instances, overlap among programs involved in providing services to 
similar populations may be appropriate. However, we continue to 
believe there is value in examining overlapping programs to identify 
opportunities for streamlining and coordination to more efficiently 
provide services. 

Labor also pointed out that several of its programs included in the 
scope of our study were created to serve all job-seekers rather than 
specifically to provide employment support for people with 
disabilities. Labor also noted that, rather than being seen as 
duplicative or undesirable, service integration and diversity of 
design are important for achieving inclusion of people with 
disabilities consistent with what Congress envisioned. We included 
such programs to provide a more comprehensive picture of the services 
and supports available to help people with disabilities stay at work 
or return to work. We did not label any given program as duplicative 
or undesirable, but noted that, in some cases, having many programs 
serving similar populations may result in administrative 
inefficiencies. 

We are sending copies of this report to the AbilityOne Commission; the 
Departments of Agriculture, Defense, Education, Health and Human 
Services, Labor, and Veterans Affairs; the Internal Revenue Service; 
and SSA. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO 
website at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. 

If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please 
contact me at (202) 512-7215 or bertonid@gao.gov. Contact points for 
our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found 
on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions 
to this report are listed in appendix XI. 

Signed by: 

Daniel Bertoni, Director: 
Education, Workforce, and Income Security: 

List of Committees: 

The Honorable Debbie Stabenow: 
Chairwoman: 
The Honorable Pat Roberts: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Carl Levin: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable John McCain: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Armed Services: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Max Baucus: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Orrin G. Hatch: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Finance: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Tom Harkin: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Michael B. Enzi: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Joseph I. Lieberman: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Susan M. Collins: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Patty Murray: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Richard Burr: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Veterans' Affairs: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Tom Harkin: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Richard Shelby: 
Ranking Member: 
Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and 
Related Agencies: 
Committee on Appropriations: 
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Frank D. Lucas: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Collin Peterson: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Agriculture: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Howard P. McKeon: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Adam Smith: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Armed Services: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable John Kline: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable George Miller: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Education and the Workforce: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Fred Upton: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Henry A. Waxman: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Energy and Commerce: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Darrell E. Issa: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Elijah Cummings: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Jeff Miller: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Bob Filner: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Veterans' Affairs: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Dave Camp: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Sander Levin: 
Ranking Member: 
Committee on Ways and Means: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Denny Rehberg: 
Chairman: 
The Honorable Rosa DeLauro: 
Ranking Member: 
Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and 
Related Agencies: 
Committee on Appropriations: 
House of Representatives: 

[End of section] 

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology: 

Our objectives were to examine: (1) to what extent do federal programs 
that support employment for people with disabilities provide similar 
services to similar populations and (2) to what extent has the 
effectiveness of programs that support employment for people with 
disabilities been measured? The interim results for this report were 
included in our February 2012 report on duplication and overlap in 
government programs.[Footnote 37] 

Identifying Programs that Provide Employment-Related Services to 
People with Disabilities: 

We determined that programs included in the scope of our work should 
meet two sets of criteria. Specifically, they should: (1) be targeted 
to people with disabilities or their employers and (2) have provided 
specific employment and training services in fiscal year 
2010.[Footnote 38] See figure 7 for a detailed description of both 
sets of criteria. 

Figure 7: Criteria for Including Programs within Our Scope: 

[Refer to PDF for image: illustration] 

Programs must meet one or more of the following criteria: 

1. people with disabilities are specifically mentioned in a program's 
authorizing legislation as a targeted group, 

2. people are eligible for the program wholly because of a disability, 

3. people are eligible for the program partially because of a 
disability, 

4. people with disabilities are given special consideration in 
eligibility determinations, 

5. people with disabilities are given priority in service, or, 

6. employers of people with disabilities are a target population. 

Plus: 

Programs must provide one or more of the following primary types of 
assistance: 

1. Direct employment services to individuals (including vocational 
rehabilitation, job training, job placement, job acquisition and 
retention), 
 
2. Infrastructure support, 

3. Recruitment and referral services, 
 
4. Information dissemination, 

5. Case management, 

6. Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities, 
 
7. Entrepreneurship training and support, 
 
8. Assistive technology. 

Source: GAO. 

[End of figure] 

We identified and selected programs for inclusion in our review 
leveraging a variety of sources and a multi-step process. 
Specifically, we identified programs for potential inclusion using key 
terms to search the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA), 
reviewing our previous work on related topics, and consulting with 
internal and external stakeholders. We then reviewed the programs' 
objectives and eligibility criteria from CFDA or program websites to 
determine if the program met our inclusion criteria. If key 
information, such as how a program focuses on people with disabilities 
or provides employment-related services, was incomplete or ambiguous, 
we kept the program in our preliminary list. 

We sent our preliminary list of programs for validation to the 10 
agencies that administer the programs. The agencies requested we add 
several programs to our list, and determined that others did not meet 
the criteria for inclusion. We held follow-up meetings with agency 
officials to clarify criteria, as appropriate. We determined that the 
two programs in our preliminary list administered by the Small 
Business Administration did not meet our criteria and thus we excluded 
the agency and the programs from our review. 

Our validation process yielded a total of 56 programs administered by 
nine federal agencies. We surveyed these programs from August to 
October 2011. Based on agency responses and follow-up conversations, 
we omitted six surveyed programs because we found they did not meet 
the inclusion criteria.[Footnote 39] We reported on 50 of those 
programs in our February 2012 report.[Footnote 40] 

For this final report, we have omitted an additional 7 programs and 
added 2 new programs, for a total of 45 programs. We omitted six 
programs that had ended as of April 2012, and one demonstration 
program--the Benefit Offset National Demonstration--that did not begin 
enrolling participants until January 2011. (See appendix II for a list 
of programs we omitted.) In commenting on a draft of our February 2012 
report and, later, in verifying data previously provided, Department 
of Defense officials requested that we add three programs that they 
believed to be within the scope of this review. After identifying the 
programs' employment services to people with disabilities, we 
determined that two--the Army Warrior Care and Transition and the 
Marines Wounded Warrior Regiment programs--met our criteria and thus 
were included in our analyses for this report. 

We did not include or review programs that may have been created or 
revised to meet our inclusion criteria after fiscal year 2010. 

Surveying Programs: 

We designed a web-based survey to collect information on program 
background, eligibility requirements and populations served, services, 
outcome measures, and budget information. In designing this survey, we 
reviewed our prior surveys used to collect similar information. 
[Footnote 41] We pretested the survey with three programs to minimize 
errors that may arise from differences in how questions might be 
interpreted and ensure that response categories were appropriate. 

From August through October 2011, we fielded the web-based survey of 
56 federal programs that support employment for people with 
disabilities. Program representatives were identified by the agencies. 
Where programs were jointly administered by two or more federal 
agencies, we consulted with the agencies and asked them to designate 
one official to fill out the survey and respond to questions for that 
program. In March 2012, we fielded the web-based survey to two 
additional programs that were later determined to meet our inclusion 
criteria (Army Warrior Care and Transition Program and the Marine 
Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment, discussed earlier). We received 
completed questionnaires from 58 programs, for a 100 percent response 
rate. 

Quality Assurance: 

We used standard descriptive statistics to analyze responses to the 
questionnaire. Because this was not a sample survey, there were no 
sampling errors. To minimize other types of errors, commonly referred 
to as nonsampling errors, and to enhance data quality, we employed 
recognized survey design practices in the development of the 
questionnaire and in the collection, processing, and analysis of the 
survey data. For instance, as previously mentioned, we pretested the 
questionnaire with program officials. We further reviewed the survey 
to ensure the ordering of survey sections was appropriate and that the 
questions within each section were clearly stated and easy to 
comprehend. To reduce nonresponse, another source of nonsampling 
error, we sent out e-mail reminder messages and made telephone calls 
to encourage officials to complete the survey. 

In reviewing the survey data, we performed automated checks to 
identify inconsistent answers. We further reviewed the data for 
missing, ambiguous, or illogical responses and followed up with agency 
officials when necessary to clarify their responses. In addition, we 
compared 2010 obligations data provided by survey respondents with 
data provided to us in a previous survey and with appropriations data 
from the Consolidated Federal Funds Report. Where obligations differed 
from the comparison sources by 10 percent or more, we contacted 
program officials to confirm reported data. Finally, in March and 
April 2012, we collected some additional data from agencies and 
verified select data collected during the initial survey. Because we 
updated selected data and the list of programs included in our 
analyses, some data in our analyses have changed since our February 
2012 report. On the basis of our application of recognized survey 
design practices and follow-up procedures, we determined that the data 
were sufficiently reliable for our purposes. We did not conduct an 
independent legal analysis to verify the program information provided 
by survey respondents. 

Survey Analysis: 

Fragmentation, Overlap, and Potential Duplication: 

We have defined fragmentation to be when more than one federal agency 
is involved in the same broad area of national need. To further expand 
on this definition, we used the survey responses to identify: the 
number of programs created in statute and variability in definitions 
of disability and the ways in which programs deliver supports (e.g., 
directly to individuals, or through federal, state, or local entities). 

We have defined overlap to be instances where programs provide similar 
services to similar populations. To identify areas of potential 
overlap among programs that support employment for people with 
disabilities, we reviewed survey responses from agency officials. We 
analyzed responses to survey questions regarding any limitations in 
eligibility based on populations or disability. 

We sorted the 45 programs into 4 groups: 

1. Programs that limit eligibility to servicemembers and veterans (19 
programs).[Footnote 42] 

2. Programs that limit eligibility to students, transition-age youth 
and/or young adults (5 programs). 

3. Programs that limit eligibility to other populations or specific 
types of disabilities (14 programs). 

4. Programs that serve all people with disabilities (7 programs). 

We have defined duplication as when the same beneficiaries receive the 
same or similar services. Although fragmentation and overlap may 
indicate the potential for duplication, we did not identify actual 
duplication in programs that provide employment support to people with 
disabilities because (1) due to data limitations, we did not attempt 
an intensive data matching among our universe of programs to identify 
instances where programs were providing the same or similar services 
to the same beneficiaries, and (2) programs do not consistently 
collect information on beneficiaries. 

Instead, we examined the potential for duplication by more closely 
examining the reported eligibility requirements among programs in our 
four groups. 

Coordination: 

We asked survey respondents if their program coordinated with each of 
the other programs in our scope to reduce duplication and gaps and 
services. While we surveyed federal program officials, our survey 
question did not specify if we were requesting information on 
coordination at the federal level, or at the state and local level 
where services and supports may be delivered. We analyzed the data to 
identify mismatches in reported coordination. For example, we 
identified cases in which program A reported that they coordinated 
with program B, but program B did not report coordinating with program 
A. 

To further understand the nature and challenges of coordination, we 
selected a subgroup of programs with which to hold further discussion 
on coordination. Specifically, we selected six programs--administered 
by three different agencies--that served only people with disabilities: 

* Assistive Technology State Grant program [Department of Education 
(Education)] 

* Disability Employment Initiative (a new program that replaced the 
Work Incentive Grants) [Department of Labor (Labor)] 

* State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement Program [Social 
Security Administration (SSA)] 

* Ticket to Work program (SSA): 

* State Vocational Rehabilitation Services program (VR) (Education): 

* Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program (SSA): 

We interviewed agency representatives for each program regarding their 
coordination efforts, challenges to coordination, and factors that 
facilitate or create barriers to coordination. 

Performance Evaluations: Impact Studies and Other Studies: 

We asked all survey respondents to provide information on any 
performance evaluations that have been completed since 2006 related to 
employment for people with disabilities for their program and to 
provide citations to those studies. We selected 2006 because studies 
conducted in the past 5 years were most likely to include services 
still offered by each program and be relevant to the employment market 
participants are currently facing. We reviewed the findings and 
conclusions of a total of 14 studies identified by programs in our 
scope to determine the elements of program performance that had been 
evaluated. Although programs identified a total of 18 program studies, 
1 was not publicly available and 2 programs had identified a GAO 
report that had been published prior to 2006. In addition, we 
evaluated the methodology section of 11 of those studies, which were 
identified as impact studies by 7 programs, to determine if they met 
our criteria for an impact study--that is, the study provides an 
assessment of the net effect of a program by comparing program 
outcomes with an estimate of what would have happened in the absence 
of the program. 

We conducted this performance audit from April 2011 through June 2012 
in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. 
Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain 
sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe 
that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. 

[End of section] 

Appendix II: Selected Survey Data from Programs That Have Ended Since 
Fiscal Year 2010: 

Program name (agency): Medicaid Infrastructure Grant Program 
(Department of Health and Human Services); 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment services 
(fiscal year 2010): Program did not provide data; 
Services: 
* Employment-related information dissemination; 
* Support services to employers of people with disabilities; 
Details on status: The program, authorized for 11 years, expired at 
the close of fiscal year 2011. 

Program name (agency): Mental Health Treatment Study (SSA); 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment services 
(fiscal year 2010): Program did not provide data[A]; 
Services: 
* Employment counseling, assessment and case management; 
* Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent; 
* Job development; 
* Job readiness skills; 
* Job recruitment and referrals; 
* Job retention training; 
* Job search or placement activities; 
* On-the-job training; 
* Occupational or vocational training; 
* Vocational rehabilitation; 
* Supported employment; 
* Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy; 
* Employment-related information dissemination; 
* Entrepreneurship training and support; 
* Assistive technology and workplace accommodation; 
* Case management and nurse care coordinators; 
Details on status: The study to test how better access to treatment 
and employment services would affect outcomes such as medical 
recovery, employment, and benefit receipt for Social Security 
Disability Insurance ended field operations on July 31, 2010. 
According to the agency's budget justification for fiscal year 2013, 
the project's funding continued and, going forward, the agency will 
focus on best practices in services to individuals with schizophrenia 
and affective disorder and track employment and benefit payments. 

Program name (agency): National Organization on Disability Wounded 
Warrior Career Demonstration Project (Department of Defense); 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment services 
(fiscal year 2010): 1,300; 
Services: 
* Employment counseling, assessment and case management; 
* Job development; 
* Job readiness skills; 
* Job recruitment and referrals; 
* Job retention training; 
* Job search or placement activities; 
* Occupational or vocational training; 
* Vocational rehabilitation; 
* Supported employment; 
* Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy; 
* Work experience; 
* Employment-related information dissemination; 
* Entrepreneurship training and support; 
* Support services to employers of people with disabilities; 
* Assistive technology and workplace accommodation; 
* Funding may be provided to the veteran; 
Details on status: This program, administered by the National 
Organization of Disability, provided services to wounded, ill, and 
injured U.S. Army personnel through a memorandum of agreement, which 
ended October, 2010. 

Program name (agency): Projects with Industry (Education); 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment services 
(fiscal year 2010): 5,454; 
Services: 
* Employment counseling, assessment, and case management; 
* Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent; 
* Job development; 
* Job readiness skills; 
* Job recruitment and referrals; 
* Job retention training; 
* Job search or placement activities; 
* Occupational or vocational training; 
* Vocational rehabilitation; 
* On-the-job training; 
* Employment-related information dissemination; 
* Support services to employers of people with disabilities; 
* Assistive technology and workplace accommodation; 
Details on status: The program was eliminated in the fiscal year 2011 
appropriation. 

Program name (agency): Work Incentive Grant/Disability Program 
Navigator (Labor); 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment services 
(fiscal year 2010): Program did not provide data; 
Services: 
* Employment counseling, assessment and case management; 
* Employment-related information dissemination; 
* Entrepreneurship training and support; 
* Support services to employers of people with disabilities; 
* Assistive technology and workplace accommodation; 
* Medicaid services; 
Details on status: The Work Incentives Grant funded the Disability 
Program Navigator Initiative. Both programs ended effective June 30, 
2010. A new program, the Disability Employment Initiative, was 
informed by the best practices learned through the Work Incentive 
Grant/Disability Program Navigator initiative. 

Program name (agency): Youth Transition Demonstration Project (SSA); 
Number of people with disabilities receiving employment services 
(fiscal year 2010): 1,290; 
Services: 
* Employment counseling, assessment and case management; 
* Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent; 
* Job development; 
* Job readiness skills; 
* Job recruitment and referrals; 
* Job retention training; 
* Job search or placement activities; 
* On-the-job training; 
* Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy; 
* Work experience; 
* Employment-related information dissemination; 
* Entrepreneurship training and support; 
* Support services to employers of people with disabilities; 
* Assistive technology and workplace accommodation; 
Details on status: The program suspended services at the end of 
calendar year 2011. A 36-month evaluation of the impact of the program 
is scheduled to follow. Funding was approximately $1.35 million in 
fiscal years 2012 and 2013. 

Sources: GAO survey and agency interviews. 

[A] This program enrolled participants on a rolling basis between 2006 
and 2009 and served 1,121 individuals over the course of the project. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix III: Reported Program Obligations and Number of People with 
Disabilities Served: 

U.S. AbilityOne Commission: 

Program: AbilityOne Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $5,380,775; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 47,000. 

Department of Agriculture: 

Program: Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities: 
AgrAbility Project; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $4,667,107; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $4,667,107; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 1,304. 

Department of Defense: 

Program: Air Force Warrior and Survivor Care; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Army Warrior Care and Transition Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $1,374,360,000[C]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 4,368[D]. 

Program: Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $8,847,404; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $8,847,404; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 11,775. 

Program: Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $0; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Intern Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $0; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 115[E]. 

Program: Navy Safe Harbor Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $2,400,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $24,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 78[F]. 

Program: Recovery Care Coordinator Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $3,825,960; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Recovery Coordination Program - Operation Warfighter 
(Internships); 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $966,502; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $966,502; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: U.S. Special Operations Command Care Coalition; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $3,592,700; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Department of Education: 

Program: American Indian Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $42,822,202; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $42,822,202; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 8,395. 

Program: Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $9,181,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $9,181,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 1,576. 

Program: Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers[G]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $2,197,283; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $2,197,283; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 137. 

Program: Model Comprehensive Transition and Postsecondary Programs for 
Students with Intellectual Disabilities[G]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $11,000,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $11,000,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Randolph-Sheppard Vending Facility Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $0[H]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 2,319. 

Program: Rehabilitation Services Demonstration and Training Programs; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $11,601,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $5,800,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Assistive Technology State Grant program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $25,660,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 5,882. 

Program: Supported Employment State Grants[G]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $28,889,190; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $28,889,190; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 35,668. 

Program: State Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $3,041,746,049; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $3,041,746,049; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 1,011,395. 

Department of Health and Human Services: 

Program: 1915(c) Home and Community Based Services Waiver; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: 1915(i) State Plan Home and Community-Based Services; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Medicaid State Plan Services; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Program: Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $105,596,872; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Data not available[B]. 

Department of Labor: 

Program: America's Heroes at Work; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $300,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $300,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: No response[I]. 

Program: Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $81,251,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 46,887. 

Program: Employer Assistance and Resource Network; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $1,600,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $1,600,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: Not applicable (program serves employers). 

Program: Job Accommodation Network; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $2,366,318; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $2,366,318; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 12,800[J]. 

Program: Job Corps[K]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $1,712,000,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 12,079. 

Program: Local Veterans' Employment Representatives program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $76,481,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 36,322. 

Program: REALifelines Initiative; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 9,376[L]. 

Program: Registered Apprenticeship for Youth and Young Adults with 
Disabilities Initiative; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $0[M]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 21[N]. 

Program: Community Service Employment for Older Americans/Senior 
Community Service Employment Program[O]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $825,400,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 17,885[P]. 

Program: Veterans' Workforce Investment Program[Q]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $9,493,707; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 669[R]. 

Program: Work Opportunity Tax Credit (joint with the Internal Revenue 
Service); 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $18,520,000[S]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 33,644[T]. 

Program: Workforce Investment Act Youth Activities; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $910,207,965; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 15,105[U]. 

Program: Workforce Recruitment Program (joint with the Department of 
Defense); 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $211,377; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $211,377; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 2,157. 

Program: YouthBuild[V]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $97,375,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 425[R]. 

Department of Veterans Affairs: 

Program: Compensated Work Therapy program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $0; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $0; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 30,000. 

Program: Disabled Transition Assistance Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 36,386. 

Program: Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $768,000,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $768,000,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 94,912. 

Program: Vocational Training and Rehabilitation for Vietnam Veterans' 
Children with Spina Bifida or Other Covered Birth Defects; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: Data not available[B]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: Data not available[B]; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 14. 

Social Security Administration: 

Program: Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program[W]; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $27,328,266; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $27,328,266; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 51,395[X]. 

Program: State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement Program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $106,000,000; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $106,000,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 7,768[Y]. 

Program: Ticket to Work program; 
Fiscal year 2010 obligation: $22,100,000[Z]; 
Portion of fiscal year 2010 obligation for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities[A]: $22,100,000; 
Number of people with disabilities provided employment services, 
fiscal year 2010: 55,093. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[A] Some programs were not able to identify obligations related to 
providing employment supports to people with disabilities. 

[B] "Data not available" indicates that the program was not able to 
provide data on obligations or the number of people with disabilities 
served. For example, some programs--like Labor's Workforce Investment 
Act Youth and YouthBuild programs--reported that they are not required 
to track the portion of obligations for employment-related services 
and support for people with disabilities. 

[C] A significant portion of these obligations ($578,500,000) was for 
constructing healing campuses for wounded, ill, and injured soldiers. 

[D] Data are from December 2010 to September 2011. 

[E] Data are from June to October 2010. 

[F] Data are from October to December 2010. 

[G] This program was proposed to be consolidated or eliminated in 
Education's fiscal year 2012 budget request, but the department 
reported that funds were appropriated in fiscal year 2012. The program 
was also proposed to be consolidated or eliminated in Education's 
fiscal year 2013 budget request. In addition, Education officials 
noted that the Supported Employment Services program provides 
supplemental funding to help state VR agencies cover the costs of 
Supported Employment State Grants participating in the State 
Vocational Rehabilitation Services program. 

[H] According to Education officials, there is no federal 
appropriation for this program. Direct federal costs to administer 
this program, including the costs of arbitrations, are covered by the 
Rehabilitation Services Administration's salaries and expenses budget. 
Costs at the state level are paid from various sources, including 
vocational rehabilitation formula grant funds (the state VR agency 
serving individuals who are blind administers the program), state 
funds, program income and set-aside funds from vendor income. Exact 
funding mechanisms vary by state. 

[I] "No response" indicates that the program did not respond to this 
survey question or otherwise provide this information. 

[J] Data are from September 2009 to September 2010. According to 
Labor, people with disabilities account for only about one third of 
the 36,500 individuals who contacted JAN for services. In addition, 
officials reported JAN receives 3.1 million Web page requests annually. 

[K] Total program obligations for Job Corps includes $102 million in 
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act obligations. Data on 
participants is from program year 2009, and is based on self-disclosed 
and readily observable disabilities. 

[L] Data are from May 2008 to October 2010. This data includes the 
number of participants contacted and services provided, including to 
spouses and caregivers. 

[M] According to Labor, this program did not receive funds in fiscal 
year 2010 and continued operating on previous year's funding. 

[N] Data are from June 2010 to June 2011. 

[O] This program was proposed to be transferred to the Department of 
Health and Human Services in Labor's fiscal year 2013 budget request. 

[P] Data are from July 2010 to June 2011. 

[Q] This program was proposed to be consolidated or eliminated in 
Labor's fiscal year 2013 budget request. 

[R] Data are from July 2009 to June 2010. 

[S] Reported obligations for the Work Opportunity Tax Credit are for 
Labor's administration of the program, according to agency officials. 
According to the Internal Revenue Service, in tax year 2009--the most 
recent data available--there were more than $600 million in Work 
Opportunity Tax Credits that were eligible to be claimed by 
individuals. In addition, for tax year 2009, there were more than $1 
billion in Work Opportunity Tax Credits that were eligible to be 
claimed by corporations (including S corporations). 

[T] According to Labor, this number represents certifications issued 
by State Workforce Agencies to employers that an employee has met the 
eligibility requirements for a Work Opportunity Tax Credit target 
group for individuals with disabilities. 

[U] Data are from April 2009 to March 2010. 

[V] Program reported appropriated funds instead of obligations. 

[W] According to program officials, this program is expected to end by 
the end of fiscal year 2012. 

[X] According to SSA officials, this number only indicates those 
enrolled and served in fiscal year 2010 and not those enrolled in a 
previous year and served in fiscal year 2010. 

[Y] This number represents the number of people who achieved the 
outcome of 9 months of working and earning at the substantial gainful 
activity level. As of October 25, 2010, the State Vocational 
Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement Program had served 235,346 people. 
In addition, an SSA official noted that these participants may also be 
counted as participants in Education's State Vocational Rehabilitation 
Services program. 

[Z] Obligations reported for the Ticket to Work program in fiscal year 
2010 represent the cost of funding the Employment Networks and not the 
total cost of the program. Data on total obligations for fiscal year 
2010 will be available later in fiscal year 2012. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix IV: Reported Program Objectives and Eligibility Requirements: 

U.S. AbilityOne Commission: 

Program title: AbilityOne Program; 
Program objectives: The purpose of the Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act is to 
generate employment and training opportunities for people who are 
blind or have other severe disabilities in the manufacture and 
delivery of products and services to the federal government. The law 
requires federal agencies to procure certain products and services 
that are produced and provided by community-based nonprofit agencies 
that are dedicated to training and employing persons who are blind or 
have other severe disabilities; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The primary requirement for a 
nonprofit agency to participate in the AbilityOne Program is that, on 
an annual basis, 75 percent of all of the direct labor done at a 
nonprofit agency be performed by people who are blind or severely 
disabled. The term "blind" refers to an individual or class of 
individuals whose central visual acuity does not exceed 20/200 in the 
better eye with correcting lenses or whose visual acuity, if better 
than 20/200, is accompanied by a limit to the field of vision in the 
better eye to such a degree that its widest diameter subtends an angle 
of no greater than 20 degrees. The term "severely disabled" refers to 
an individual or class of individuals who has a severe physical or 
mental impairment other than blindness, which so limits the person's 
functional capabilities (mobility, communication, self-care, self 
direction, work tolerance, or work skills) that the individual is 
unable to engage in normal competitive employment, over an extended 
period of time. 

Department of Agriculture: 

Program title: Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with 
Disabilities: AgrAbility Project; 
Program objectives: AgrAbility increases the likelihood that 
individuals with disabilities and their families engaged in production 
agriculture (AgrAbility's customers) become more successful. The 
program supports cooperative projects in which State Cooperative 
Extension Services based at either 1862 or 1890 Land-Grant 
Universities or the University of the District of Columbia subcontract 
to private, nonprofit disability organizations. Measures of success 
may include improvements in customers' financial stability or access 
to life activities and in the capacity of the states and regions to 
deliver services this population requires in a timely and satisfying 
manner. To address the specialized needs of AgrAbility's customers, 
the program builds service capacity on national, regional, state, and 
local levels through education and networking. In the absence of 
capacity, projects provide assistance to customers. The primary 
function of the National AgrAbility Project is to support the state 
and regional projects in developing their capacity to meet these 
objectives; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The program targets 
accommodating disability in production agriculture. It provides 
education and awareness to the public, agricultural, and 
rehabilitation professionals on what can be done to accommodate 
disability in the agricultural workplace. The program does not fund 
rehabilitation equipment or payments to individuals. 

Department of Defense: 

Program title: Air Force Warrior and Survivor Care; 
Program objectives: Develop programs to help identify all airmen that 
need assistance; continue to build mentorship program to aid and 
benefit recovering airmen; employ dedicated qualified staff as 
Recovery Care Coordinators and provide them with tools and support 
needed to be successful; provide comprehensive policy for Mortuary, 
Casualty Affairs, Wounded Warrior, and Recovery Care Coordinator 
programs; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The Air Force Warrior and 
Survivor Care programs are made available to all Active Duty, Air 
National Guard, and Air Force Reserve members and their families to 
provide support in the event an airman is seriously wounded, ill, or 
injured while serving. The level of support and benefit assistance 
provided is dependent solely on need and is provided throughout the 
continuum of care. If injuries or illness warrant, airmen may enter 
the program at any time by self-referral or be referred by commander, 
spouses, supervisors, and medical personnel. 

Program title: Army Warrior Care and Transition Program; 
Program objectives: An Army-wide structure to provide support and 
services for wounded, ill, and injured soldiers. The program enables 
the Army to evaluate and treat soldiers through a comprehensive, 
soldier-centric process of medical care, rehabilitation, professional 
development, and achievement of personal goals; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The Warrior Care and Transition 
Program is available to soldiers of all components (active and reserve 
components/active guard and reserve) on active duty who require 
complex medical care management of 6 months or longer duration. 
Additionally, eligibility is extended to activated reserve component 
soldiers requiring definitive medical care who have been approved by a 
Medical Review Board. 

Program title: Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program; 
Program objectives: The Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program 
(CAP) is a program in the TRICARE Management Activity, under the 
direction of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. 
CAP's mission is to provide assistive technology and accommodation 
services to federal employees with disabilities and wounded 
servicemembers to increase access to information environment and 
employment opportunities in the federal government; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: To be eligible for CAP services, 
an individual must be a federal employee with a disability in the 
Department of Defense or an employee with a disability at one of the 
federal partners with CAP or an active duty wounded or ill 
servicemember. 

Program title: Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment; 
Program objectives: To maintain a high level of coordination through a 
single command structure that delivers or facilitates delivery of 
nonmedical care to wounded, ill, or injured Marines and their families; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Must be an active duty, reserve, 
retired, or veteran wounded, ill, or injured Marine. 

Program title: Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Intern Program; 
Program objectives: To provide job skills and training to wounded, 
ill, and injured Marines pending medical separation; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The Marine Corps Wounded Warrior 
Intern Program is open to all wounded, ill, and injured Marines. 
Spouses and caregivers of active duty wounded, ill, and injured 
Marines are eligible for some of the program benefits. 

Program title: Navy Safe Harbor Program; 
Program objectives: 1. Provide optimal nonmedical care to all Safe 
Harbor enrollees and their families throughout recovery, 
rehabilitation and reintegration; 
2. Cultivate and institutionalize external and internal partnerships; 
3. Provide focused outreach opportunities for wounded, ill, or injured 
sailors' and Coast Guardsmen's family members, caregivers and their 
support network; 
4. Increase awareness of Navy Safe Harbor; 
5. Align resources to effectively and efficiently execute the Safe 
Harbor mission; 
6. Attract and retain sustained superior performers with demonstrated 
leadership expertise to the Safe Harbor staff; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: All seriously wounded, ill, or 
injured sailors and Coast Guardsmen not likely to return to duty in 
180 days and likely to be medically retired or separated; 
and high-risk, nonseriously wounded, ill, or injured sailors, Coast 
Guardsmen and their families (case-by-case). 

Program title: Recovery Care Coordinator Program; 
Program objectives: The Recovery Care Coordinators (RCC) assist in the 
creation and management of the Comprehensive Recovery Plans for 
Wounded Warriors--Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force, and U.S. Special 
Operations Command--until they are either returned to duty or 
separated from the service due to the extent of their injuries. The 
RCCs act as the single point of contact for the Wounded Warriors and 
their families as they receive care from multi-disciplinary support 
teams, both medical and nonmedical, in helping them obtain required 
treatment, care, and family assistance; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Populations served by the RCCs 
are wounded, ill and injured warriors and their families: troop 
program unit, Active Guard Reserve, Individual Mobilization Augmentee, 
Individual Ready Reserve, retirees, and veterans. 

Program title: Recovery Coordination Program-Operation Warfighter 
(internships); 
Program objectives: Operation Warfighter (OWF) is a federal internship 
program for wounded, ill, and injured servicemembers. The main 
objective of OWF is to place servicemembers in supportive work 
settings that positively impact their recuperation. The program 
represents a great opportunity for transitioning servicemembers to 
augment their employment readiness by building their resumes, 
exploring employment interests, developing job skills, benefiting from 
both formal and on-the-job training opportunities, and gaining 
valuable federal government work experience that will help prepare 
them for the future. Operation Warfighter strives to demonstrate to 
participants that the skills they have obtained in the military are 
transferable into civilian employment. For servicemembers returning to 
duty, the program enables these participants to maintain their skill 
sets and provides the opportunity for additional training and 
experience that can subsequently benefit the military. Operation 
Warfighter simultaneously enables federal employers to better 
familiarize themselves with the skill sets and challenges of wounded, 
ill, and injured servicemembers as well as benefit from the 
considerable talent and dedication of these servicemembers; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Eligibility criteria require 
participants to be servicemembers in an active duty status assigned to 
a military treatment facility or a service wounded warrior program. If 
not assigned to one of these programs, servicemembers can still be 
eligible if they are going through the medical evaluation board and 
their chain of command approves their participation. 

Program title: U.S. Special Operations Command Care Coalition; 
Program objectives: To provide Special Operations Forces warriors and 
their families a model advocacy program in order to enhance their 
quality of life and strengthen overall readiness of Special Operations; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Special Operations Forces 
wounded, ill, or injured servicemembers and their families. 

Department of Education: 

Program title: American Indian Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Program objectives: To provide vocational rehabilitation services to 
American Indians with disabilities who reside on or near federal or 
state reservations in order to achieve gainful employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: American Indians with 
disabilities residing on or near a federal or state reservation 
(including Native Alaskans) who meet the definition of an individual 
with a disability in Section 7 (8)(A) of the Rehabilitation Act. 

Program title: Assistive Technology State Grant program; 
Program objectives: To provide states with financial assistance that 
supports programs designed to maximize the ability of individuals of 
all ages with disabilities and their family members, guardians, 
advocates, and authorized representatives to obtain assistive 
technology devices and assistive technology services; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Individuals with disabilities. 

Program title: Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and 
Adults; 
Program objectives: Authorized by an Act of Congress in 1967, the 
Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults is a 
national rehabilitation program serving youth and adults who are deaf-
blind. The purposes of the Center are to (1) provide specialized 
intensive services, or any other services, at the Center or anywhere 
else in the United States, which are necessary to encourage the 
maximum personal development of any individual who is deaf-blind; 
(2) train family members of individuals who are deaf-blind at the 
Center or anywhere else in the United States, in order to assist 
family members in providing and obtaining appropriate services for the 
individual who is deaf-blind; (3) train professionals and allied 
personnel at the Center or anywhere else in the United States to 
provide services to individuals who are deaf-blind; and (4) conduct 
applied research, development programs, and demonstrations with 
respect to communication techniques, teaching methods, aids and 
devices, and delivery of services; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The Helen Keller National Center 
for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults provides services on a national basis 
to adults who are deaf-blind, their families, and service providers. 
The term "individual who is deaf-blind" means any individual - (A)(i) 
who has a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye 
with corrective lenses, or a field defect such that the peripheral 
diameter of visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 
20 degrees, or a progressive visual loss having a prognosis leading to 
one or both these conditions; (ii) who has a chronic hearing 
impairment so severe that most speech cannot be understood with 
optimum amplification, or a progressive hearing loss having a 
prognosis leading to this condition; and (iii) for whom the 
combination of impairments described in clauses (i) and (ii) cause 
extreme difficulty in attaining independence in daily life activities, 
achieving psychosocial adjustment, or obtaining a vocation; (B) who 
despite the inability to be measured accurately for hearing and vision 
loss due to cognitive or behavioral constraints, or both, can be 
determined through functional and performance assessment to have 
severe hearing and visual disabilities that cause extreme difficulty 
in attaining independence in daily life activities, achieving 
psychosocial adjustment, or obtaining vocational objectives; or (C) 
meets such other requirements as the Secretary may prescribe by 
regulation." 

Program title: Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers; 
Program objectives: The Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers program 
provides comprehensive vocational rehabilitation (VR) services 
available to migrant and seasonal farmworkers with disabilities with 
the goal of increasing employment opportunities for these individuals. 
Projects also develop innovative methods for reaching and serving this 
population. Projects are required to coordinate with the VR State 
Grants program; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Individuals with disabilities 
and individuals with significant disabilities as defined in Sections 
7(9)(A)(B) and 7(20)(A), respectively, of the Rehabilitation Act of 
1973, as amended. 

Program title: Model Comprehensive Transition and Postsecondary 
Programs for Students with Intellectual Disabilities; 
Program objectives: Create or expand model comprehensive transition 
and postsecondary programs for students with intellectual 
disabilities. Funds also support a coordinating center that provides 
related services; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Students with intellectual 
disabilities enrolled in model programs or other comprehensive 
transition and postsecondary programs. 

Program title: Randolph-Sheppard Vending Facility Program; 
Program objectives: According to the statute creating the Randolph-
Sheppard program, the objectives of this initiative include providing 
blind persons with remunerative employment, enlarging the economic 
opportunities of the blind, and stimulating the blind to greater 
efforts in striving to make themselves self-supporting. Toward this 
end, blind persons licensed under the provisions of this chapter shall 
be authorized to operate vending facilities on any federal property. 
In layman language, the program's objectives are to create employment 
opportunities by creating a priority for eligible blind people to 
operate entrepreneurial ventures on federal and other designated state 
properties. Throughout the country, states have created similar 
priorities to mirror the federal program in their specific 
jurisdictions; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: To be eligible for this program, 
participants must be blind, citizens of the United States, and meet 
any other specific standards that individual state licensing agencies 
may require. 

Program title: Rehabilitation Services Demonstration and Training 
Programs; 
Program objectives: To provide financial assistance to projects and 
demonstrations for expanding and improving the provision of 
rehabilitation and other services authorized under the Rehabilitation 
Act, or that further the purposes of the act, including related 
research and evaluation activities; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Individuals with 
disabilities.[A]. 

Program title: State Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Program objectives: To assist states in operating comprehensive, 
coordinated, effective, efficient, and accountable programs of 
vocational rehabilitation; to assess, plan, develop, and provide 
vocational rehabilitation services for individuals with disabilities, 
consistent with their strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, 
abilities, and capabilities so they may prepare for and engage in 
competitive employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Eligibility for vocational 
rehabilitation services is based on the presence of a physical or 
mental impairment, which for such an individual constitutes or results 
in a substantial impediment to employment, and the need for vocational 
rehabilitation services that may be expected to benefit the individual 
in terms of an employment outcome. 

Program title: Supported Employment State Grants; 
Program objectives: To provide grants for time-limited services 
leading to supported employment for individuals with the most severe 
disabilities to enable such individuals to achieve the employment 
outcome of supported employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Individuals with the most severe 
disabilities whose ability or potential to engage in a training 
program leading to supported employment has been determined by 
evaluating rehabilitation potential. In addition, individuals must 
need extended services in order to perform competitive work and have 
the ability to work in a supported employment setting. 

Department of Health and Human Services: 

Program title: 1915(c) Home and Community-Based Services Waiver; 
Program objectives: The Medicaid Home and Community-based Services 
waiver program is authorized in section 1915(c) of the Social Security 
Act. The program permits a state to furnish an array of home and 
community based services that assist Medicaid beneficiaries to live in 
the community and avoid institutionalization; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: In order to participate in a 
waiver, a person must meet the level of care specified for the waiver 
and also be a member of a Medicaid eligibility group that a state 
includes in the waiver. A state may include a Medicaid eligibility 
group in the waiver only when it includes the same group in its state 
plan. 

Program title: 1915(i) State Plan Home and Community-Based Services; 
Program objectives: 1915(i) allows states the option to add home and 
community-based services to their Medicaid State Plans; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Financial eligibility 
requirements: (1) eligible for Medicaid and have income up to 150 
percent of the federal poverty level, and (2) at the state's option, 
eligible through a new Medicaid eligibility category at income up to 
300 percent of Supplemental Security Income Federal Benefit Rate and 
eligible for a 1915(c) waiver or 1115 demonstration program in their 
state; 
Other eligibility requirements: (1) meet state-defined needs-based 
criteria, and (2) at the state's option, meet the state-specified 
targeted population group for the 1915(i) benefit. 

Program title: Medicaid State Plan Services; 
Program objectives: To provide parameters for the coverage of services 
authorized by the Social Security Act to be part of the Medicaid State 
Plan; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Each state plan service 
contains, either in statute or regulation, parameters for service 
provision, including any functional eligibility requirements to be met. 

Program title: Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration; 
Program objectives: The Money Follows the Person (MFP) Rebalancing 
Demonstration, authorized by section 6071 of the Deficit Reduction Act 
of 2005 (Pub. Law No.109-171), was designed to assist States to 
balance their long-term care systems and help Medicaid enrollees 
transition from institutions to the community. Congress initially 
authorized up to $1.75 billion in funds through federal fiscal year 
2011. With the subsequent passage of the Patient Protection and 
Affordable Care Act (Pub. Law No.111-148) in 2010, Section 2403 
extended the program through September 30, 2016. An additional $2.25 
billion in federal funds was appropriated through federal fiscal year 
2016. The MFP Demonstration supports state efforts to rebalance their 
long-term support system so that individuals have a choice of where 
they live and receive services. Transition individuals from 
institutions who want to live in the community; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: As defined in Section 6071(b)(2) 
of the DRA and amended by Section 2403 of the Affordable Care Act, the 
term "eligible individual" means an individual in the state who, 
immediately before beginning participation in the MFP demonstration 
project: (1) resides (and has resided, for a period of not less than 
90 consecutive days) in a qualified institution or inpatient setting 
(excluding days solely for the purpose of short-term rehabilitation 
services); (2) is receiving Medicaid benefits for services furnished 
by such qualified institution or inpatient setting; and (3) with 
respect to whom a determination has been made that, but for the 
provision of home and community-based long-term care services, the 
individual would continue to require the level of care provided in a 
qualified institution or inpatient setting. 

Department of Labor: 

Program title: America's Heroes at Work; 
Program objectives: America's Heroes at Work is a Department of Labor 
project that addresses the employment challenges of returning 
servicemembers living with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)--an important focus of the 
President's veterans agenda. The project equips employers and the 
workforce development system with the tools they need to help 
returning servicemembers affected by TBI and/or PTSD succeed in the 
workplace--particularly servicemembers returning from Iraq and 
Afghanistan; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: No eligibility requirements. 
Support services (website, toll-free assistance, and presentations) 
are available to any group or individual that requests them. 

Program title: Community Service Employment for Older Americans/Senior 
Community Service Employment Program; 
Program objectives: The purpose of the Senior Community Service 
Employment Program (SCSEP) program is to provide, foster, and promote 
useful part-time work opportunities (usually 20 hours per week) in 
community service training and employment activities for unemployed 
low-income persons who are 55 years of age and older. To the extent 
feasible, SCSEP assists and promotes the transition of program 
participants into unsubsidized employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Unemployed persons 55 years or 
older whose family is low-income (i.e., income does not exceed the low-
income standards defined in 20 CFR section 641.507) are eligible for 
enrollment (20 CFR section 641.500). Low-income means an income of the 
family which, during the preceding 6 months on an annualized basis or 
the actual income during the preceding 12 months, at the option of the 
grantee, is not more than 125 percent of the poverty levels 
established and periodically updated by the Department of Health and 
Human Services (42 USC 3056p(a)(4)). The poverty guidelines are issued 
each year in the Federal Register and the Department of Health and 
Human Services maintains a page on the Internet which provides the 
poverty guidelines [hyperlink, 
http://www.aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/index.shtml], accessed May 30, 2012. 
Enrollee eligibility is re-determined on an annual basis (20 CFR 
section 641.505). 

Program title: Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program; 
Program objectives: To provide intensive services to meet the 
employment needs of disabled and other eligible veterans with maximum 
emphasis in meeting the employment needs of those who are economically 
or educationally disadvantaged, including homeless veterans and 
veterans with barriers to employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Eligible veterans and eligible 
persons with emphasis on Special Disabled veterans, disabled veterans, 
economically or educationally disadvantaged veterans, and veterans 
with other barriers to employment. 

Program title: Employer Assistance and Resource Network (EARN); 
Program objectives: EARN is a resource for employers seeking to 
recruit, retain and advance individuals with disabilities. [hyperlink, 
http://www.askearn.org], accessed May 30, 2012; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Any public or private employer 
seeking to advance the employment of individuals with disabilities is 
eligible for services. 

Program title: Job Accommodation Network (JAN); 
Program objectives: The mission of JAN is to facilitate the employment 
and retention of workers with disabilities by providing employers, 
employment providers, people with disabilities, their family members, 
and other interested parties with technical assistance on job 
accommodations, entrepreneurship, and related subjects. JAN's efforts 
are in support of the employment, including self-employment and small 
business ownership, of people with disabilities. This free, 
confidential technical assistance is provided in English and Spanish 
via telephone, email, chat, and postal mail; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: JAN services are available to 
all interested parties. 

Program title: Job Corps; 
Program objectives: Job Corps is the nation's largest federally funded 
training program that provides at-risk youth, ages 16-24, with 
academic instruction, toward the achievement of a High School Diploma 
or General Education Development (GED) certificate, and career 
training in high-growth, high-demand industries. Upon exit from the 
program, participants receive transition assistance to employment, 
higher education, or the military. The program is primarily 
residential, serving nearly 60,000 students at 125 centers nationwide; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: To be eligible to become an 
enrollee, an individual shall be: (1) not less than age 16 and not 
more than age 21 on the date of enrollment, except that (a) not more 
than 20 percent of the individuals enrolled in the Job Corps may be 
not less than age 22 and not more than age 24 on the date of 
enrollment, and (b) either such maximum age limitation may be waived 
by the Secretary, in accordance with regulations of the Secretary, in 
the case of an individual with a disability; (2) a low-income 
individual; and (3) an individual who is one or more of the following: 
(a) basic skills deficient; (b) a school dropout; (c) homeless, a 
runaway, or a foster child; (d) a parent; (e) an individual who 
requires additional education, vocational training, or intensive 
counseling and related assistance, in order to participate 
successfully in regular schoolwork or to secure and hold employment. 

Program title: Local Veterans' Employment Representatives program; 
Program objectives: Conduct outreach and provide seminars to employers 
which advocates hiring of veterans; facilitate Transition Assistance 
Program employment workshops to transitioning servicemembers; 
establish and conduct job search workshops; facilitate employment, 
training, and placement services furnished to veterans in a state 
under the applicable state employment service or one-stop career 
center delivery systems whose sole purpose is to assist veterans in 
gaining and retaining employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Eligible veterans and eligible 
persons. 

Program title: REALifelines Initiative; 
Program objectives: The objective of REALifelines is to support the 
economic recovery of transitioning servicemembers and veterans who 
were wounded or injured while serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom or 
Operation Enduring Freedom. The transition services are extended to 
spouses and caregivers through the resources at the one-stop career 
centers. Intensive services are provided by our Disabled Veterans 
Outreach Program specialists. The specialized services are intended to 
identify and address any barriers to employment; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Transitioning servicemembers and 
veterans who were wounded or injured while serving in Operation Iraqi 
Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. 

Program title: Registered Apprenticeship for Youth and Young Adults 
with Disabilities Initiative; 
Program objectives: Increases systems capacity for integrated, 
inclusive apprenticeship training for youth and young adults with a 
full range of disabilities; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Youth and young adults with 
disabilities ages 16 through 27. 

Program title: Veterans' Workforce Investment Program; 
Program objectives: To provide services to assist in reintegrating 
eligible veterans into meaningful employment within the labor force 
and to stimulate the development of effective service delivery systems 
that will address the complex problems facing eligible veterans; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Service-connected disabled 
veterans, veterans who have significant barriers to employment, 
veterans who served on active duty in the armed forces during a war or 
in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been 
authorized, and veterans who are recently separated from military 
service (48 months). 

Program title: Workforce Investment Act Youth Activities; 
Program objectives: To help low-income youth, between the ages of 14 
and 21, acquire the educational and occupational skills, training, and 
support needed to achieve academic and employment success and 
successfully transition to careers and productive adulthood; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: An eligible youth is an 
individual who: (1) is 14 to 21 years of age; (2) is an individual who 
received an income or is a member of a family that received a total 
family income that, in relation to family size, does not exceed the 
higher of (a) the poverty line or (b) 70 percent of the lower living 
standard income; and (3) meets one or more of the following criteria: 
is an individual who is deficient in basic literacy skills, a school 
dropout, homeless, a runaway, a foster child, pregnant or a parent, an 
offender, or requires additional assistance to complete their 
education or secure and hold employment; There is an exception to 
permit youth who are not low-income individuals to receive youth 
services. Up to 5 percent of youth participants served by youth 
programs in a local area may be individuals who do not meet the income 
criterion for eligible youth, provided that they are within one or 
more of the following categories: school dropout; basic skills 
deficient; are one or more grade levels below the grade level 
appropriate to the individual's age; pregnant or parenting; possess 
one or more disabilities, including learn disabilities; homeless or 
runaway; offender; or face serious barriers to employment as 
identified by the local board. 

Program title: Work Opportunity Tax Credit (joint with the Internal 
Revenue Service); 
Program objectives: The tax credit was designed to help individuals 
from 12 target groups who consistently have faced significant barriers 
to employment move from economic dependency to self-sufficiency by 
encouraging businesses in the private sector to hire target group 
members and be eligible to claim tax credits based on the wages they 
paid to the new hires during the first year of employment, up to a 
dollar wage limit; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: All employers seeking Work 
Opportunity Tax Credit target group workers and target group members 
seeking employment. The members of the different target groups have 
statutory definitions (per Pub. Law No. 109-188, as amended) with 
specific eligibility requirements that must be verified by the state 
workforce agencies before a certification can be issued to an employer 
or his representatives. Participating employers and their 
representatives must file their certification requests using Internal 
Revenue Service Form 8850 and ETA Form 9061 or 9062 within 28 days 
after the employment-start day of the new hires. This timeliness 
requirement cannot be waived and must be met before a state can issue 
a certification for eligible target group members. 

Program title: Workforce Recruitment Program (joint with the 
Department of Defense); 
Program objectives: The Workforce Recruitment Program is a recruitment 
and referral program that connects federal and private sector 
employers nationwide with highly motivated postsecondary students and 
recent graduates with disabilities who are eager to prove their 
abilities in the workplace through summer or permanent jobs; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: The Workforce Recruitment 
Program for College Students with Disabilities serves individuals who 
have disabilities, are enrolled at an accredited institution of higher 
learning on a substantially full-time basis (unless the severity of 
the disability precludes the student from taking a substantially full-
time load) to seek a degree or are enrolled at such an institution as 
a degree-seeking student taking less than a substantially full-time 
load in the enrollment period immediately prior to graduation or have 
graduated with a degree from such an institution within the past year, 
and are U.S. citizens. 

Program title: YouthBuild; 
Program objectives: Provides disadvantaged youth with education and 
employment skills necessary to achieve economic self sufficiency in 
high demand occupations; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Youth ages 16 through 24 and a 
member of a disadvantaged population, such as: low-income, foster care 
(including youth aging out of foster care), youth offender, youth with 
a disability, child of an incarcerated parent, high school dropout, or 
migrant youth. 

Department of Veterans Affairs: 

Program title: Compensated Work Therapy program; 
Program objectives: Compensated Work Therapy is a recovery-oriented, 
vocational model integrated into the continuum of Veterans Health 
Administration's services, as authorized by 38 USC § 1718. Department 
of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers offer Compensated Work 
Therapy with both Transitional Work Experience and Supported 
Employment services for veterans with occupational dysfunctions 
resulting from their mental health conditions, or who are unsuccessful 
at obtaining or maintaining stable employment patterns due to mental 
illnesses or physical impairments co-occurring with mental illnesses. 
The scope of Therapeutic and Supported Employment Services (TSES) 
includes skill development opportunities both for veterans for whom 
the primary objective is competitive employment, and for veterans in 
need of therapeutic pre-employment services designed to ameliorate the 
consequences of long standing mental health problems alone or with co-
occurring physical illness. The mission of TSES is to improve the 
veteran's overall quality of life through a vocational rehabilitation 
experience in which the veteran learns new job skills, strengthen 
successful work habits, and regains a sense of self-esteem and self-
worth. The vision of TSES is that all veterans challenged with 
physical or mental illness can obtain meaningful competitive 
employment in the community, working in jobs of their choice, while 
receiving necessary and appropriate support services. The goal of TSES 
is to provide a continuum of therapeutic and skill development 
services for veterans who have difficulty obtaining or maintaining 
stable employment patterns due to mental illnesses or physical 
impairments co-occurring with mental illnesses. The objectives of TSES 
are to provide an opportunity for work hardening and skill development 
services to eligible veterans regardless of diagnosis, disability, or 
treatment goals; Collaborate with veterans and their primary treatment 
team to assure each veteran has the support necessary to achieve his 
or her vocational goals; Ensure access to all components in the 
continuum of TSES services as the veteran's needs change over the 
course of treatment, rehabilitation, and recovery; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: A person who served in the 
active military, naval, or air service and who was discharged or 
released under conditions other than dishonorable may qualify for VA 
health care benefits. Reservists and National Guard members may also 
qualify for VA health care benefits if they were called to active duty 
(other than for training only) by a federal order and completed the 
full period for which they were called or ordered to active duty. 

Program title: Disabled Transition Assistance Program (DTAP); 
Program objectives: DTAP is an integral component of transition 
assistance that involves intervening on behalf of servicemembers who 
may be released because of a disability or who believe they have a 
disability qualifying them for VA's Vocational Rehabilitation and 
Employment program (VR&E). The goal of DTAP is to encourage and assist 
potentially eligible servicemembers in making an informed decision 
about VA's VR&E program. It is also intended to facilitate the 
expeditious delivery of vocational rehabilitation services to eligible 
persons by assisting them in filing an application for vocational 
rehabilitation benefits; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Servicemembers who may be 
released because of injuries or diseases that happened while on active 
duty, or were made worse by active military service. 

Program title: Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (VR&E); 
Program objectives: To provide all services and assistance necessary 
to enable service-disabled veterans and service persons hospitalized 
or receiving outpatient medical care services or treatment for a 
service-connected disability pending discharge to gain and maintain 
suitable employment. When employment is not reasonably feasible, the 
program can provide the needed services and assistance to help the 
individual achieve maximum independence in daily living; 
The VR&E program is a comprehensive vocational rehabilitation program 
that provides up to 48 months of extensive services leading to 
employment. Every VR&E program participant is provided a comprehensive 
vocational evaluation to determine transferable skills, aptitudes, and 
interests; explore labor market and wage information; and to focus on 
vocational options that will lead to a viable suitable employment or 
independent living goal. Results from the evaluation help determine 
which of the five tracks to success (Reemployment, Rapid Access to 
Employment, Self Employment, Employment Through Long-term Services, or 
Independent Living) is most appropriate. Depending on the 
rehabilitation needs of the individual, services may include training 
such as on-the-job, vocational/technical school, college-level 
(certificate, 2-year degree, 4-year degree, or beyond). VR&E pays for 
tuition, fees, books, and supplies associated with training, as well 
as a monthly subsistence allowance; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Veterans of World War II and 
later service with a service-connected disability or disabilities 
rated at least 20 percent compensable and certain service-disabled 
servicepersons pending discharge or release from service if VA 
determines the servicepersons will likely receive at least a 20 
percent rating and they need vocational rehabilitation because of an 
employment handicap. Veterans with compensable ratings of 10 percent 
may also be eligible if they are found to have a serious employment 
handicap. To receive an evaluation for vocational rehabilitation 
services, a veteran must have received, or eventually receive, an 
honorable or other than dishonorable discharge, have a VA service-
connected disability rating of 10 percent or more, and apply for 
vocational rehabilitation services. 

Program title: Vocational Training and Rehabilitation for Vietnam 
Veterans' Children with Spina Bifida or Other Covered Birth Defects; 
Program objectives: To provide vocational training and rehabilitation 
to certain children born with spina bifida or other covered birth 
defects who are children of Vietnam veterans and some Korean veterans; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: A child born with spina bifida 
or other covered birth defects, except spina bifida occulta, who is 
the natural child of a Vietnam veteran and some Korean veterans, 
regardless of the age or marital status of the child, conceived after 
the date on which the veteran first served in the Republic of Vietnam 
during the Vietnam era and in particular areas near the demilitarized 
zone (DMZ) in the Korean conflict. VA must also determine that it is 
feasible for the child to achieve a vocational goal. 

Social Security Administration: 

Program title: Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program; 
Program objectives: To comply with the Ticket to Work and Work 
Incentives Improvement Act which was passed in December 1999, and 
reauthorized by the Social Security Protection Act of 2004, which 
requires SSA to establish a community based work incentives planning 
and assistance program. The purpose of this program is to disseminate 
accurate information to SSA disability beneficiaries (including 
transition to work aged youth) about work incentives programs, and 
issues related to such programs, to enable them to make informed 
choices about working and whether or when to assign their Ticket to 
Work, as well as how available work incentives can facilitate their 
transition into the workforce. The ultimate goal of the Work 
Incentives Planning and Assistance program is to assist SSA disability 
beneficiaries succeed in their return to work efforts; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: All individuals within the state 
who are entitled to Social Security Disability Insurance benefits or 
eligible for Supplemental Security Income payments based on disability 
or blindness. 

Program title: State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement 
Program; 
Program objectives: Makes vocational rehabilitation services more 
readily available to disabled or blind SSA disability beneficiaries; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Social Security Disability 
Insurance beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income disability 
recipients. 

Program title: Ticket to Work program; 
Program objectives: Provides SSA disability beneficiaries more choices 
for receiving employment services; 
Beneficiary eligibility requirements: Social Security Disability 
Insurance beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income disability 
recipients ages 18 through 64. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[A] In commenting on a draft of this report, Education noted that 
Rehabilitation Services Demonstration and Training Programs grantees 
may use funds to conduct a broad range of activities, the ultimate 
goal of which is to improve services for individuals with 
disabilities. However, in some cases, individuals with disabilities 
may not be the direct target population. For example, some of the 
program funds are used for providing training and technical assistance 
to service providers and parents of individuals with disabilities. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix V: Services Reported to Be Provided in Fiscal Year 2010, by 
Population and Program: 

Table 5: Services Provided by 19 Programs That Limit Eligibility to 
Servicemembers, Veterans, and/or Their Families: 

[A] Service provided to more than 50 percent of program participants; 
[B] Service provided to less than 50 percent of program participants; 
[C] Service provided, but extent unknown. 

Air Force Warrior and Survivor Care; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [A]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [A]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [A]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

America's Heroes at Work; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [B]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [A]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

Army Warrior Care and Transition Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [B]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [A]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [B]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

Compensated Work Therapy program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [A]; 
On-the-job training: [A]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [B]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [B]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [B]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [B]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

Disabled Transition Assistance Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [C]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [C]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [C]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Local Veterans' Employment Representatives program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [B]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Intern Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [A]; 
On-the-job training: [A]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [A]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Navy Safe Harbor Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [B]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [B]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [B]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [B]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Operation Warfighter; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [A]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [B]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

REALifelines Initiative; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [C]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [A]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [A]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

Recovery Care Coordinator Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

U.S. Special Operations Command Care Coalition; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Veterans' Workforce Investment Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [B]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [A]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: 
[C]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [A]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [A]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

Vocational Training and Rehabilitation for Vietnam Veterans' Children 
with Spina Bifida or Other Covered Birth Defects; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [A]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Work Opportunity Tax Credit; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [A]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[End of table] 

Table 6: Services Provided by Five Programs That Limit Eligibility to 
Students, Transition Age Youth, and/or Young Adults: 

[A] Service provided to more than 50 percent of program participants; 
[B] Service provided to less than 50 percent of program participants; 
[C] Service provided, but extent unknown. 

Model Comprehensive Transition and Postsecondary Programs for Students 
with Intellectual Disabilities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [C]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Registered Apprenticeship Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities 
Initiative; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [B]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [C]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [C]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Workforce Investment Act Youth Activities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [C]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [C]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Workforce Recruitment Program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

YouthBuild; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [A]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [A]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[End of table] 

Table 7: Services Provided by Seven Programs That Serve All People 
with Disabilities: 

[A] Service provided to more than 50 percent of program participants; 
[B] Service provided to less than 50 percent of program participants; 
[C] Service provided, but extent unknown. 

1915(i) State Plan Home and Community-Based Services; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [C]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Job Accommodation Network; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [B]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [A]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

Job Corps; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [A]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [A]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [A]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [B]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Medicaid State Plan Services; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Rehabilitation Services Demonstration and Training Programs; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: 
[C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [C]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [C]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [C]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Assistive Technology State Grant program; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [A]. 

State Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [B]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [B]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or adult literacy: [B]; 
Work experience: [B]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [B]; 
Tax expenditures related to workers with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[End of table] 

Table 8: Services Provided by 14 Programs That Limit Eligibility to 
Other Populations: 

[A] Service provided to more than 50 percent of program participants; 
[B] Service provided to less than 50 percent of program participants; 
[C] Service provided, but extent unknown. 

1915(c) Home and Community Based Services Waiver; 
Population served: Low-income persons; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

AbilityOne Program; 
Population served: People who are blind or visually impaired or have 
other significant disabilities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

American Indian Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Population served: American Indians with disabilities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [B]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [B]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[C]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities: AgrAbility 
Project; 
Population served: Profession-specific persons; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [C]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: 
[C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Community Service Employment for Older Americans/Senior Community 
Service Employment Program; 
Population served: Unemployed low-income persons 55 and older; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [C]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[C]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Employer Assistance and Resource Network; 
Population served: Employers of people with disabilities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [B]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [Empty]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults; 
Population served: People who are deaf-blind; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [B]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers; 
Population served: Other population groups; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [A]; 
Job retention training: [A]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [B]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[B]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration; 
Population served: People with other types of disabilities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [C]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: 
[C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [C]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: 
[C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Randolph-Sheppard Vending Facility Program; 
Population served: People who are blind; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [C]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [B]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [B]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [A]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [C]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [A]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement Program; 
Population served: People who receive Supplemental Security Income or 
Social Security Disability Insurance benefits; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [B]; 
Job development: [B]; 
Job readiness skills: [B]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [B]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[C]; 
Work experience: [B]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [B]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Supported Employment State Grants; 
Population served: People with the most significant disabilities; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A] 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [B]; 
Job development: [A]; 
Job readiness skills: [A]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [B]; 
Job retention training: [B]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [B]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [A]; 
Supported employment: [A]; 
On-the-job training: [B]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[B]; 
Work experience: [A]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [B]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [B]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [B]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [B]. 

Ticket to Work program; 
Population served: People who receive Supplemental Security Income or 
Social Security Disability Insurance benefits; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [A]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: 
[C]; 
Job development: [C]; 
Job readiness skills: [C]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [C]; 
Job retention training: [C]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [A]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [C]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [C]; 
Supported employment: [C]; 
On-the-job training: [C]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [C]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [C]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [C]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [C]. 

Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program; 
Population served: People who receive Supplemental Security Income or 
Social Security Disability Insurance benefits; 
Employment counseling, assessment, and case management: [Empty]; 
Assistance in earning a high school diploma or its equivalent: [Empty]; 
Job development: [Empty]; 
Job readiness skills: [Empty]; 
Job recruitment and referrals: [Empty]; 
Job retention training: [Empty]; 
Job search or job placement activities: [Empty]; 
Occupational or vocational training: [Empty]; 
Vocational rehabilitation: [Empty]; 
Supported employment: [Empty]; 
On-the-job training: [Empty]; 
Remedial academic, English language skills, or basic adult literacy: 
[Empty]; 
Work experience: [Empty]; 
Employment-related information dissemination: [A]; 
Entrepreneurship training and support: [Empty]; 
Tax expenditures: [Empty]; 
Support and services to employers of people with disabilities: [Empty]; 
Assistive technology and workplace accommodations: [Empty]. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix VI: Employment-Related Outcome Measures Programs Reported 
Tracking for People with Disabilities in Fiscal Year 2010: 

U.S. AbilityOne Commission: 

AbilityOne Program; 
Educational attainment: U.S. AbilityOne Commission: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Department of Agriculture: 

Assistive Technology Program for Farmers with Disabilities: AgrAbility 
Project; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Department of Defense: 

Air Force Warrior and Survivor Care; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Army Warrior Care and Transition Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Computer/Electronic Accommodations Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Intern Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Navy Safe Harbor Program; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Recovery Care Coordinator Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Recovery Coordination Program-Operation Warfighter; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

U.S. Special Operations Command Care Coalition; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Department of Education: 

American Indian Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Model Comprehensive Transition and Postsecondary Programs for Students 
with Intellectual Disabilities; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Randolph-Sheppard Vending Facilities Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Rehabilitation Services Demonstration and Training Programs[A]; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Assistive Technology State Grant program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Supported Employment State Grants; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Check]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

State Vocational Rehabilitation Services; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Check]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Department of Health and Human Services: 

1915(c) Home and Community Based Services Waiver; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

1915(i) State Plan Home and Community-Based Services; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Medicaid State Plan Services; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Money Follows the Person Rebalancing Demonstration; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Department of Labor: 

America's Heroes at Work; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Disabled Veterans' Outreach Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Employer Assistance and Resource Network; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Job Accommodation Network; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Job Corps; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Local Veterans' Employment Representatives program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

REALifelines Initiative; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Registered Apprenticeship for Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Community Service Employment for Older Americans/Senior Community 
Service Employment Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Veterans' Workforce Investment Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Work Opportunity Tax Credit (also under the Internal Revenue Service); 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Workforce Investment Act Youth Activities; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Workforce Recruitment Program (also under the Department of Defense); 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

YouthBuild; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Department of Veterans Affairs: 

Compensated Work Therapy program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Disabled Transition Assistance Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Check]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Vocational Training and Rehabilitation for Vietnam Veterans' Children 
with Spina Bifida or Other Covered Birth Defects; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Empty]; 
Employment retention: [Empty]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Empty]. 

Social Security Administration: 

State Vocational Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement Program; 
Educational attainment: [Empty]; 
Credential attainment: [Empty]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Check]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Ticket to Work program; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Empty]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Check]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Check]; 
Other: [Check]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program; 
Educational attainment: [Check]; 
Credential attainment: [Check]; 
Entered the military, postsecondary education, or vocational training 
program: [Check]; 
Entered employment: [Check]; 
Employment retention: [Check]; 
Wage gain or change: [Empty]; 
Customer satisfaction: [Empty]; 
Reduced reliance on federal cash benefits: [Empty]; 
Other: [Empty]; 
Measures tracked specifically for people with disabilities: [Check]. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[A] In commenting on a draft of this report, Education officials noted 
that Rehabilitation Services Demonstration and Training Programs may 
track some of these measures on a project-specific basis, depending on 
the purpose of the demonstration project. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix VII: Programs That Identified Performance Reviews Completed 
Since 2006, by Type of Study: 

Program (agency): AgrAbility (Department of Agriculture); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Compensated Work Therapy program (Department of 
Veteran Affairs); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Employer Assistance and Resource Network (Labor)[B]; 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Helen Keller National Center (Education); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Job Corps (Labor); 
Impact study[A]: [Check]; 
Other study: [Empty]. 

Program (agency): Mental Health Treatment Study (SSA)[C]; 
Impact study[A]: [Check]; 
Other study: [Empty]. 

Program (agency): Randolph Sheppard Vending Facilities Program 
(Education)[D]; 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Recovery Care Coordinator-Operation Warfighter 
(Department of Defense); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Ticket to Work program (SSA); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program 
(SSA); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Program (agency): Youth Transition Demonstration Projects (SSA)[C]; 
Impact study[A]: [Check]; 
Other study: [Empty]. 

Program (agency): YouthBuild (Labor); 
Impact study[A]: [Empty]; 
Other study: [Check]. 

Source: GAO survey. 

[A] In response to our survey questions that asked whether any impact 
studies had been conducted, officials from five program provided 
references. We evaluated the methodology of each study and determined 
that three of them met the definition of an impact study provided in 
our questionnaire--a study that assessed the net effect of a program 
by comparing program outcomes with an estimate of what would have 
happened in the absence of the program--and had been completed since 
2006. The other studies either did not meet our definition or were not 
available for review. 

[B] This program reported having conducted an impact study, but that 
it was still in progress as part of a larger effort. 

[C] Two of the three programs that conducted impact studies were 
excluded from our scope because they ended prior to April 2012, but 
are listed here because the studies are discussed in the report. 

[D] This program cited a previous GAO study, which is not an program 
evaluation. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix VIII: Agency Comments from the Department of Agriculture: 

United States Department of Agriculture: 
Research, Education, and Economics: 
National Institute of Food and Agriculture: 
1400 Independence Avenue SW: 
Washington, DC 20250: 

May 30, 2012: 

To: Daniel Berton, Director: 
Education, Workforce and Income Security Issues, GAO: 

From: [Signed by] Edward Nwaba, Chief: 
Oversight Branch: 
Office of Grants and Financial Management: 

Subject: Response to Draft Report GA0-12-677 Employment for People 
with Disabilities. 

Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on Draft Report 
GA0-12-677. The National Institute of Food and Agriculture generally 
concurs with the findings of the report and has no additional comments 
to offer at this time. 

Questions regarding this memorandum can be directed to Edward Nwaba, 
Oversight Branch Chief and Agency Audit Liaison Official on (202) 205-
5799 or via email at enwaba@nifa.usda.gov. 

[End of section] 

Appendix IX: Agency Comments from the Department of Education: 

United States Department Of Education: 
Office Of Special Education And Rehabilitative Services: 
The Assistant Secretary: 
400 Maryland Ave. S.W. 
Washington, DC 20252-2500: 

June 5, 2012: 

Mr. Daniel Bertoni: 
Director: 
Education, Workforce and Income Security Issues: 
U.S. Government Accountability Office: 
441 G Street, NW: 
Washington, DC 20548: 

Dear Mr. Bertoni: 

I am writing to provide the U.S. Government Accountability Office 
(GAO) with comments from the U.S. Department of Education (Department) 
on the draft report, "Employment For People With Disabilities: Little 
is Known about the Effectiveness of Fragmented and Overlapping 
programs" (GAO-12-667). 

While GAO has made no recommendations for executive action at this 
time, we were pleased at the draft report's observation that the 
Department's largest employment program, vocational rehabilitation 
(VR) state grants, is among those programs that more consistently 
coordinate with other key related programs at the federal level. We 
intend to continue to work with other Departments and agencies to 
improve continuously the effectiveness of the VR program, which is 
successful in providing employment outcomes for nearly 200,000 
individuals annually, most of whom are identified as having 
significant or most significant disabilities. 

The VR program achieves these employment results in part because state 
VR agencies coordinate services at the state and local service 
delivery level in several ways, which were not fully described in the 
draft report. At the state level, state VR agencies are mandatory 
partner programs within each state's workforce investment system. The 
system's One-Stop centers provide for coordination and cooperation at 
the service delivery level with programs funded under Title I of the 
Workforce Investment Act and other mandatory and optional One-Stop 
center partners. VR agencies have staff with specialized skills who 
provide a wide variety of education, training, and rehabilitation 
services to One-Stop customers with disabilities through 
individualized plans for employment. 

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, also requires state VR 
agencies to enter into agreements or other arrangements with state 
entities for the purpose of interagency coordination and service 
provision, including state Medicaid programs, American Indian VR 
services (AIVRS) programs in the state, state educational agencies, 
public institutions of higher education (IHEs), components of the 
workforce investment system (to coordinate services among agencies 
when individuals are served outside of the One-Stop centers), and any 
other appropriate public entities. 

Interagency agreements often exist between state VP. agencies and 
other state and federal programs not specifically identified in 
statute. Examples include federal and state programs that serve 
veterans, state assistive technology programs, and state welfare 
agencies. In addition, a wide variety of similar agreements and 
arrangements exist at local levels, between state VR agencies and 
local public entity programs, individual IHEs, local school systems, 
Native American tribal service delivery programs, and many others. 

The VR program emphasis on interagency coordination of service 
provision is also demonstrated in services to individual customers. 
State VR agencies seek out and coordinate the provision of services 
available from other programs for which an individual might be 
eligible (called comparable services and benefits), as part of the 
development of an individual's Individual Plan for Employment. 

Taken together, the capacity of the Department's VR program to provide 
and coordinate a wide range of individualized services to achieve an 
employment outcome for individuals with disabilities, particularly 
significant disabilities, is not duplicated by any other program. 

Likewise, our discretionary grant programs coordinate with other 
programs and services at the state and local levels in a variety of 
ways depending on the program. Coordination and collaboration is 
required in state plans and through requirements in grant 
applications, and informally. For example, the AIVRS programs must 
coordinate with state VR agencies to provide VR services to American 
Indians with disabilities living on or near reservations. 

While the draft report provides some helpful information, it does not 
fully discuss the coordinated efforts that are taking place. Thank you 
for the opportunity to comment on this draft report. We have also 
forwarded technical comments and suggestions, which are enclosed.
Please let me know if you have any questions about our comments. 

Sincerely, 

Signed by: 

Alexa Posny, Ph.D. 

[End of section] 

Appendix X: Agency Comments from the Department of Labor: 

U.S. Department of Labor: 
Assistant Secretary for Policy: 
Washington, D.C. 20210: 

June 11, 2012: 

Daniel Bertoni, Director: 
Education, Workforce, and Income Security Issues: 
U.S. Government Accountability Office: 
441 G Street N.W. 
Washington, D.C. 20548: 

Dear Mr. Bertoni: 

On behalf of the U.S. Department of Labor (Department), I want to 
thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the Government 
Accountability Office's (GAO) draft language that will be included in 
GAO's Employment for People with Disabilities report (12-677). We are 
concerned about the GAO's general statement that finds fragmentation 
within the programs it examined. We respectfully recommend that the 
GAO reconsider and refine its findings to better reflect the 
information in this letter. 

In the report, the GAO notes that over the years many programs have 
been created to address issues related to the employment of people 
with disabilities. However, several of the Department's programs 
included in the study were not created solely for this purpose, but 
rather to provide services to all job seekers —the majority of whom 
are not individuals with disabilities. This report suggests that 
because they are available to any youth with disabilities, certain 
programs present a greater risk of duplication than segregated 
disability programs that focus on a single specific subpopulation of 
people with disabilities. In so concluding, the GAO fails to recognize 
that the actual services provided, program design used, and the 
populations served in the Department's programs vary considerably. 
Moreover, the Labor Department is proud that we have made great 
strides in accessibility, and that employment and training programs 
administered by the Department serve people with disabilities 
alongside their peers. Rather than being duplicative or undesirable, 
we believe that service integration and diversity of design are 
important for achieving inclusion of people with disabilities 
consistent with disability civil rights laws enacted by Congress. 

The Department is committed to working with its Federal agency 
partners on a variety of efforts to better respond to both current and 
future workforce needs, and to leverage resources to help individuals, 
including those with disabilities, find and keep good jobs. While we 
agree that it is important to minimize duplication and maximize 
efficiency, the Department wants to emphasize that some overlap 
between programs is necessary and appropriate to ensure that all 
participants receive comprehensive employment and training services. 
We believe that a coherent public workforce system does not 
necessarily mean a single program, supplier, or agency. Our goal is a 
rational system with pieces that fit together logically, with minimal 
duplication. This system can provide ready and seamless access to 
services for both jobseekers — including individuals with 
disabilities — and employers looking for job-ready skilled workers. 

If you would like additional information, please do not hesitate to 
call me at 202-693-5959. The Department is also available and willing 
to meet with GAO to discuss this letter. The Department appreciates 
the work being done by GAO to improve efficiency in government. We 
also believe great progress has been made over the years within the 
Labor Department. As our nation rises to meet the current fiscal 
challenges, please be assured that we will continue to work closely 
with GAO to maximize our nation's resources. 

Sincerely, 

Signed by: 

William E. Spriggs: 
Assistant Secretary for Policy: 

[End of section] 

Appendix XI: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: 

GAO Contact: 

Daniel Bertoni, (202) 512-7215 or bertonid@gao.gov: 

Staff Acknowledgments: 

Michele Grgich, Assistant Director; Rachael Chamberlin Valliere, 
Analyst-in-Charge; Margaret J. Weber; and Miriam Hill made significant 
contributions to all aspects of this engagement. Stuart M. Kaufmann, 
Christine C. San, and Walter Vance assisted with the methodology, 
survey development, and data analysis. Jessica A. Botsford and Sheila 
McCoy provided legal assistance. Kate van Gelder and James Bennett 
helped prepare the final report and graphics. Tom Moscovitch, John S. 
Townes, and Jacques Arsenault verified our findings. 

[End of section] 

Footnotes: 

[1] U.S. Census Bureau, Americans with Disabilities: 2005. 
(Washington, D.C.: December 2008). Data from the Survey of Income and 
Program Participation, June through September 2005. 

[2] GAO, 2012 Annual Report: Opportunities to Reduce Duplication, 
Overlap, and Fragmentation, Achieve Savings, and Enhance Revenue, 
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP] (Washington, 
D.C.: Feb. 28, 2012). This report was our second annual report to 
Congress in response to the statutory requirement that we identify and 
report annually on federal programs, agencies, offices, and 
initiatives that have duplicative goals or activities, in accordance 
with Pub. L. No. 111-139, § 21, 124 Stat. 29 (2010), 31 U.S.C. § 712 
Note. 

[3] Specifically, in order to be considered within the scope of our 
work, agencies must have reported that their programs met at least one 
of the following criteria and provided an employment-related service 
in fiscal year 2010: (1) people with disabilities are mentioned in the 
legislation as a targeted group, (2) people are eligible for the 
program wholly because of a disability, (3) people are eligible for 
the program partially because of a disability, (4) people with 
disabilities are given special consideration in eligibility 
determinations, (5) people with disabilities are given priority in 
being served, or (6) employers of people with disabilities are a 
targeted group. 

[4] The selected programs were the Department of Education's State 
Vocational Rehabilitation Services and Assistive Technology State 
Grant programs; the Department of Labor's Disability Employment 
Initiative; and the Social Security Administration's State Vocational 
Rehabilitation Cost Reimbursement, Work Incentives Planning and 
Assistance, and Ticket to Work programs. The Disability Employment 
Initiative was not included in our analysis of the 45 programs that 
support employment for people with disabilities because it is a new 
program, and it did not provide services in fiscal year 2010. We 
included this program in our analysis of program coordination because 
its purpose is to increase coordination across programs and agencies 
that support employment for people with disabilities. 

[5] An impact study assesses the net effect of a program by comparing 
program outcomes with an estimate of what would have happened in the 
absence of the program. 

[6] GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, [hyperlink, 
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-119] (Washington, D.C.: January 
2003). 

[7] GAO, Federal Disability Programs: More Strategic Coordination 
Could Help Overcome Challenges to Needed Transformation, [hyperlink, 
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-635] (Washington, D.C.: May 20, 
2008). 

[8] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP]. 

[9] Pub. L. No. 111-352, 124 Stat. 3866 (2011); Pub. L. No. 103-62, 
107 Stat. 285. 

[10] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP]. 

[11] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP]. 

[12] In our contribution to our governmentwide examination of 
duplication [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP], we 
reported on 50 programs that supported employment for people with 
disabilities in fiscal year 2010. For this report, we have omitted six 
of these programs--two of which, that is, SSA's Mental Health 
Treatment Study and Youth Transition Demonstration, were demonstration 
studies of limited duration--that agency officials reported had been 
phased out or ended by April 2012, when we finalized our data (see 
appendix II for details on the programs). In addition, we excluded an 
additional program--the Benefit Offset National Demonstration--
because, while the program had obligations in fiscal year 2010, SSA 
officials reported that the demonstration did not begin enrolling 
participants until January 2011. In commenting on a draft of our prior 
report and, later, in verifying data previously provided, Department 
of Defense officials requested that we add three programs that they 
believed to be within the scope of this review. After reviewing the 
programs, we determined that two met our criteria and we included them 
in our analyses for this report. We did not include or review programs 
that may have been created or revised after fiscal year 2010. 

[13] The Disability Program Navigator program was not included in 
analyses for this report because it ended after fiscal year 2010. See 
appendix II. Best practices from the Disability Program Navigator, 
including this function, were incorporated into the Disability 
Employment Initiative, a new program. 

[14] Survey respondents reported whether they provided the service to 
more than 50 percent of participants, less than 50 percent of 
participants, or that they provided the service but could not specify 
the level. We did not collect the number of participants receiving 
each service. 

[15] In addition to differences in eligibility requirements, VA 
officials reported that the types of services differ between the two 
programs. Compensated Work Therapy provides support with entry into 
employment at the veteran's current level of functioning, whereas VR&E 
provides career-level services, including training at a college, 
vocational, technical, or business school; on-the-job training; and 
nonpaid work experience to prepare veterans for entry into careers. 
VR&E also provides an independent living program, which is not 
available through the Compensated Work Therapy program. 

[16] As shown in table 2, the programs have different age ranges for 
eligibility, but all allow eligible youth between the ages of 16 and 
21 to participate. 

[17] In commenting on our report, Education noted that state VR 
agencies that are unable to serve all eligible individuals must give 
priority to those with the most significant disabilities. Individuals 
with less significant disabilities may be referred to other WIA 
partner programs. Likewise, other WIA programs may refer individuals 
with disabilities or suspected disabilities to VR agencies because of 
their capacity to provide specialized services. 

[18] GAO, Veterans' Employment and Training Service: Labor Could 
Improve Information on Reemployment Services, Outcomes, and Program 
Impact, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-07-594] 
(Washington, D.C.: May 24, 2007). 

[19] VOW to Hire Heroes Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-56, § 241, 125 
Stat. 712, 728. 

[20] 42 U.S.C. §§ 422(d) and 1382d(d); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.2101 and 
416.2201. Under thresholds set annually by SSA, individuals are 
considered engaged in substantial gainful activity if they had 
earnings in 2012 above $1,010 per month for nonblind beneficiaries and 
$1,690 per month for blind beneficiaries. 

[21] 42 U.S.C. § 1320b-19; 20 C.F.R. §§ 411.100 - 411.730. 
Specifically, the Ticket to Work program provides funding for SSA 
disability beneficiaries to receive employment services, vocational 
rehabilitation services, or other services to help them obtain and 
retain employment and reduce their dependency on benefits or payments. 
Individuals may receive services from SSA-approved public or private 
providers, known as employment networks, or traditional state VR 
agencies. 

[22] In commenting on a draft of this report, Education noted that the 
services provided by the Assistive Technology State Grant program may 
facilitate employment or contribute to obtaining employment, but it is 
not exclusively an employment program. 

[23] As noted previously, SSA's State Vocational Cost Reimbursement 
Program does not directly serve individuals with disabilities. Rather, 
it reimburses state VR agencies when they help disability 
beneficiaries find jobs and earn above a certain threshold for 9 
months. 

[24] Department of Labor, Training and Employment Notice No. 6-11: 
Increasing the Public Workforce Development System's Participation in 
the Ticket to Work (TTW) Program for Disability Beneficiaries (Aug. 
24, 2011). 

[25] Department of Labor, Training and Employment Notice No.16-11: 
Availability of Assistive Technology (AT) Resources for Persons with 
Disabilities (Nov. 15, 2011). 

[26] The Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income 
(PROMISE) initiative was first proposed in the President's 2012 budget 
and therefore not within the scope of this engagement, but 
demonstrates ongoing efforts for greater coordination among federal 
agencies. 

[27] GAO, Highlights of a Forum: Actions that Could Increase Work 
Participation for Adults with Disabilities, [hyperlink, 
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-812SP] (Washington, D.C.: July 
2010). 

[28] Nineteen of these programs reported limiting eligibility to 
people with disabilities. 

[29] Both may be used to permit states to provide long-term care 
services, including employment-related services like supported 
employment, in home and community based settings as an alternative to 
institutional care under the Medicaid program. 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(c) 
and (i). 

[30] Programs may have a variety of definitions for "severe" or 
"significant" disability. Our survey instrument did not specify a 
definition, but we offered an example of one agency's definition of an 
individual with a "significant disability": "an individual who has a 
severe physical or mental impairment that seriously limits functional 
capabilities, such as mobility, communication, or self-care." 

[31] Officials from two additional programs reported conducting 
evaluation studies, but one had not been completed at the time of our 
survey and the other was a GAO report that was not an evaluation of 
program performance. In commenting on our draft report, Labor noted 
that most of its programs have been or are being evaluated. Starting 
in fiscal year 2010, the agency stated that it expanded its evaluation 
activities with the creation of a Chief Evaluation Office. Of the 10 
programs in our scope that reported having an impact evaluation or 
another review or study to evaluate program performance, three were 
Labor programs. 

[32] Social Policy Research Associates, Evaluation of the YouthBuild 
Youth Offender Grants Final Report (May 2009). YouthBuild does not 
limit eligibility to people with disabilities. This report did not 
focus specifically on youth with disabilities, but on outcomes for all 
youth offenders participating in the program. 

[33] Although we surveyed both programs, we excluded them from our 
data analysis for this report because they were demonstration studies 
that had ended by December 2011. See appendix II for more information. 

[34] Youth Transition Demonstration-Interim Reports, [hyperlink, 
http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/interimreports.html], accessed 
June 13, 2012. 

[35] One study estimated that the City University of New York's 
project increased participation in paid employment during the 1-year 
follow-up period. However, the study explains that this may be because 
site participants took part in summer employment through the project. 
Mathematica Policy Research, The Social Security Administration's 
Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on the City 
University of New York's Project, (April 2011). Available at 
[hyperlink, http://www.mathematica-
mpr.com/publications/pdfs/disability/SSA_YTD_CUNY.pdf], accessed June 
15, 2012. 

[36] Westat, Mental Health Treatment Study Final Report, (July 2011), 
available at [hyerlink, 
http://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/documents/MHTS_Final_Report_508.pd
f], accessed June 15, 2012. 

[37] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP]. 

[38] We excluded Recovery Act programs; loans (such as Pell Grants and 
federal student loans);civil protection and legal services (such as 
nondiscrimination requirements and protection and advocacy programs); 
research; personal assistant services (such as independent living); 
training for professionals who work with people with disabilities; 
federal employment and contracting preferences; and programs whose 
objectives do not explicitly include helping job seekers enhance their 
job skills, find job opportunities, obtain, or retain employment, 
including general education programs. 

[39] Specifically, we excluded: the Department of Health and Human 
Services' (HHS) Demonstration to Maintain Independence and Employment 
because program officials reported that the program was not funded in 
fiscal year 2010; the Department of Labor's (Labor) Homeless Veterans 
Reintegration Program and the Department of Veteran Affairs' 
Educational and Vocational Counseling program because program 
officials reported that the programs did not provide any special 
consideration to people with disabilities in eligibility 
determinations; the Section 1915(b) waivers program (HHS) and the 
Section 1115 Medicaid demonstration projects (HHS) because officials 
reported that the programs did not provide any of the employment-
related services listed in the survey; and Disability Program 
Navigator (Labor) because officials reported that the program was a 
subprogram of another program included in our scope (Work Incentive 
Grants). 

[40] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-342SP]. 

[41] For example, we reviewed the survey used in the following GAO 
reports: Multiple Employment and Training Programs: Providing 
Information on Colocating Services and Consolidating Administrative 
Structures Could Promote Efficiencies, [hyperlink, 
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-92] (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 13, 
2011), and Federal Disability Assistance: Wide Array of Programs Needs 
to Be Examined in Light of 21st Century Challenges, [hyperlink, 
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-05-626] (Washington, D.C.: June 2, 
2005). 

[42] We combined programs serving servicemembers and those serving 
veterans because four programs reported serving both populations. 

[End of section] 

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